Text
THE FRIEND.
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HONOLULU, H. 1., MARCH, 1889.
Volume 47.
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17 The Friend.
Thk Fniknu is puhlishcd the first day of each month, a Divergent Evolution Through CumulaHonolulu, H. I. Subscription rate TWO DOLLAH MM
tive Segregation.—Hy Rev. John Thomas
Gulick (Communicated by Alfred Russel Wal-
VKAR INVAKIAIHY IN ADVANCE.
All communicationsand letters connected with the literary
lace, F. L. S.) pp. 86.
department of the paper, Hooks and M MUiMI for Re
[Read 15th December, 1887.]
view and Exchanges should he addressed "Rkv. S. X
Bishoi', Honolulu, 11. 1."
[Extracted from the Linntan Society's Journal—Zoology.)
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CONTENTS.
J'A'.F.
The author is a native of these islands,
Mis* At kerman
"7 and graduate of Oahu College, one of
Gulick's Cumulative Segregation
17
noted Gulick brothers, long a misA Noted Hawaiian Hymn
»7 the
18-20 sionary in China, and latterly in Japan.
Why Are the Hawaiians Dying Out?
31 Many years ago, he published in NaWhy Mauna Loa must be La Mesa
ai ture
Episcopacy
his studies of the varieties and
32
Monthly Record of Events
of Achatinella, which had been
species
m
Marine Journal, Etc
in the Konahuanui range of
evolved
Hawaiian Board
*3
Y. M. C A
24 Oahu, as illustrating and defining cercover tain laws of the Evolution of species.
Historcal and Statistical Chart
In the present work, he brings out the
matured fruit of his studies in the same
Miss Jessie A. Ackerman.
direction. The book is highly technical,
mastered by any
Our churches and people in Honolulu and could not easily be
who are not making a special study of
have been favored by the presence and the law of evolution. Few land-shells
addresses of this lady, who has tarried are more beautiful than the Oahu group
with us briefly, on her journey around from which Mr. Gulick has deduced his
the world, as a messenger or apostle of apparently important conclusions. Professor Henry dc Varigny (son of a forthe Woman's Christian Temperance mer Hawaiian Minister of Finance,) was
Union. Her presence is a bright and lately expecting to review Mr. Gulick's
forceful one, snd her addresses have book in the Revue Scientifique.
efficiently contributed to cheer and inA Noted Hawaiian Hymn.
spire her fellow-workers here, and to
which
are
they
the
cause
in
forward
One of the very earliest sacred hymns
toiling. A special interest has attended written the Hawaiian tongue, and the
in
Miss Ackerman, as coming fresh from one bestknown and most frequently sung
Alaska, which she seems to have thor- by
Hawaiians in the early years of
oughly canvassed, throughout its settle- Christianity here was the one beginning
ments and mission stations, as well as with the line
its tourist-haunts of mountain, fiord,
"He Akua Hemolele."
and glaciers. Alaska used to be quite
This hymn was written by Rev Wilneighborly to us in the old Russian
Ellis, about the year 1823. It was
liam
days—perhaps will become so again, in
the hymn sung by Kapiolani
probably
Pacific
trade.
Two
the evolution of
and
her
at the time of her heroic
followers
climate,
could
contrast
more
in
countries
scenery, or products, than Alaska and defiance of Pele at Kilauea near the end
Hawaii. That is a land of measureless of 1824. Its cheering notes kindled and
wealth in mine, forest and fishery, if nourished the Christian faith of many
lacking in orchard and grain-field; many thousands of Hawaiians in after years.
prodical sons have wandered thither of More than thirty years after he left
late, and many strong souls are toiling Hawaii, on January 21, 1857, Mr. Ellis
there, lit with the power of salvation for was voyaging from Mauritius to Englost men. To all these, our visitor's land, in the Indian Ocean, they fell in
presence must have brought light and with the wreck of the American whaler
Crappo. Only two survivors
cheer. The warm regard of Honolulu Henry
were found, the Captain and a Sandwich
Christians will follow Miss Ackerman Islander. They were nearly exhausted.
as she goes on her long and laborious Mr. Ellis addressed the native in his
own language, but received no reply.
way.
S. E. BISHOP,
NUMP.ER 3.
HONOLULU. H. 1., MARCH, 1889..
Volume 47.
He then repeated the first two lines of
his own hymn. The man's countenance
brightened, and when Mr. Ellis ceased
speaking, he took up the strain, repeating the remaining lines of the verse. He
also added the remaining verses of the
hymn, with evident satisfaction. So
did the bread cast upon the waters by
the Lord's servant, return to him after
many days.
We append this noted hymn with a
translation in the same metre, which is
moderately close.
He Akua hem«lele,
Ke Akua no kakou;
Maikai wale—hewa ole—
Pono loa—ola mau.
Nani wale ko lehova
Luli ole ka maikai;
Ahonui wale kela,
I ka hanai pono mai.
Oia no ka Haku muna;
0 na mea ilalu nei;
Nana kakou nei i hana.
Aole na ka lima a.
Pono hoi c pule aku
1 ka Haku o ke ao,
I ola kanaka iaia la,
I ola nui no kakou.
TRANSLATION.
God the Lord our King is holy,
Blessed God whom we adore.
Righteous, purely, sinless wholly,
He endureth evermore.
Glorious is our God Jehovah;
Changeless in his gracious lave;
Patient, tender is his favor,
Pouring mercies from above.
He the mighty Lord and Ruler
Of all things beneath the sun,
He is our Divine Creator;
We are from his hand alone.
Lord of Light our supplication
Hear, and scatter all our night.
Fill our souls with thy salvatiaa
Flood us with celestial light.
We have a new Celestial in the
Materials for a pudding.sauce
were given to him. "You sabbee make
this?" "I know; put wine in." "No,
no put wine in!" "Oh, all same missionary?" We were accurately classified!
kitchen.
M. Homer has been writing
and
spicy letters in the Daily
vigorous
of Prohibition.
on
behalf
Bulletin
Mr.
J.
Hawaii is yet a long way short of the
Prohibition stage on the subject of
Liquor Traffic. We have tarried in the
High License stage of the question for
forty years.
THE FRIEND.
18
[March, 1889.
Chinaman is vastly his inferior in strength, in stature, in
WHY ARE THE HAWAIIANS DYING OUT?
symmetry, and in apparent soundness. But the Chinaman
Elements of Disability for Survival Among the Hawaiian People. lives and propagates, while the Hawaiian dies easily, and
leaves few or no offspring. The Caucasian also comes with
By Rev. S. E. Bishop.
1888.1
Darwin
an
which
has
been
much
''Mr.
supplied
expression
in vogue, "The survival of the fittest." This is scarcely applicable in the present case, since in Hawaii nei there is no
competitive "struggle for existence" between weaker and
stronger races of men. The Hawaiian Islands have been
far more than sufficiently productive for the ample supply of
the needs of all the people living here since the beginning of
this century. So far all the different races have lived in
plenty, and in amity with each other. A crowded condition
might be conceived as possible in the future, when the thrifty
and capable classes would push the inefficient and improvident classes into penury. In such case, one would think
the Chinese to be the best fitted for the "struggle for existence," and the Polynesian the least fitted. The former inherits an education of hundreds of generations in living on
the minimum of necessaries, also an unequaled patience of
industry and tactful thriftiness for procuring those necessaries. The latter, thriftless and indolent in comparison,
would be crowded out of the land.
No such conditions exist. There is no struggle to find
subsistence. One race is as fit to survive as another, so far
as obtaining a living is concerned, in a country where the
wages of one day's unskilled labor will purchase all indispensable food and raiment for a whole week. Neither is
the climate of Hawaii less favorable to the health of one race
than to that of another. It is comparatively a perfect climate, absolutely devoid of extremes of temperature, free
from humidity, swept by the ever purging ocean airs, and
seemingly incapable of long harboring malarial or zymotic
diseases. Possibly an Esquimaux might not thrive here.
For all other races, it is an Eden in salubrity.
Yet it is the strange fact—in view of the amiable and attractive qualities of Polynesians, the distressingly sad fact
that simultaneously with the arrival of white men in these
islands, the Hawaiian people began rapidly to melt away,
and that this waste has continued up to the present with
substantial steadiness. At the date of the discovery, Captain Cook estimated the population at 400,000. Later historians have leaned to the more moderate estimate of 250,-000. My father who was one of the first party of white
men to travel around Hawaii in 1824, then observed such
evidences of recent extensive depopulation in all parts of
that island, that he very decidedly supported the estimate of
Cook. There are now less than 40,000 pure Hawaiians surviving. The later counts have been taken with reasonable
accuracy. One is led to suspect that the earlier ones omitted considerable numbers, when one observes the comparative sparseness of native population in every district, as compared with the relatively dense population fifty years ago,
when only 12.r),000 were counted, or little more than three
times the present number. With the exception of the
towns of Honolulu, Hilo, and Wailuku, every large and
populous town in the islands has dwindled to a hamlet since
my boyhood, and the then frequent and considerable hamlets scattered everywhere, have almost all disappeared. The
recollections of fifty years since are of throngs and swarms
of natives everywhere. Yet even then all the talk was of
how the islands had become depopulated; even then, in
travelling, the deserted sites of villages and hamlets
with abandoned plantations were constantly pointed out.
Have we now one in six of the ancient numbers of natives,
or have we only one in ten? It is immaterial; the fact remains of an enormous depopulation.
And yet, in the totalabsence ofany struggle for existence,
all the more or less civilized races migrating here, appear to
thrive and multiply abundantly, and the children surpass
their parents in health and in stature. At first sight, these
foreigners do not average as equal to. the Hawaiian. The
[Read to Honolulu Social
Science Association, Noveinliei,
—
his family and multiplies amain.
The query then is, under what peculiar disabilities does
the Hawaiian labor, as to vitality and power of propagation,
from which the foreign races living here, are exempt? This
inquiry is farther complicated by the fact that these disabilities, whatever they are, seem to have first sprung into efficiency upon contact with the white race. The coming of
that race appears to have introduced new deleterious influence, and created new conditions, under which the Polynesian, somewhere weak, succumbs. We are to seek to clearly
define what these unfavorable conditions are, and wherein
the weakness of the native race to withstand these adverse
influences, consists./
I here limit our inquiry to the Hawaiians, because with
this people only do we possess any intimate acquaintance.
A similar state of things prevails more or less throughout
Polynesia, and ultimate extinction appears to threaten the
native population of most of the groups of Polynesia. We
are to endeavor to define the precise causes of depopulation. We should strive to indicate exactly what adverse influences have been steadily at work for five generations to kill
off the Hawaiian people. There has been a great deal of
vague generalization—of indefinite talk about a weak race
succumbing to the stronger. We want to quit vagueness
and generalities, and find the answer to the question, "In
what respects, particularly and precisely, are the Hawaiian
people weaker than their white, or their Mongoloid guests?"
This will prepare us for the further inquiry, by what means
can this weak race be so invigorated that it will again multiply? Our first effort—perchance unskilled and misdirected,
is to diagnose the deadly malady which is slaying the people.
•'As the leading and most efficient element of weakness in
the Hawaiian race, tending to physical decay, we predicate:
1. Unchastity. This has always been general among
females as well as males. The Hawaiian female was, like
males of other races, aggressive in solicitation. It was
matter of good form that all proposals should be expressed
by the female. It is still so, except to the extent that foreign ideas have permeated society. The records of Cook's
discovery of the group indicate that state of things as originally existing. The account written by Dr. Ellis, Cook's
chief surgeon, states how at Kauai where they first touched,
Captain Cook was determined, on account of serious disease among his men, to permit no intercourse with the women so as not to introduce disease among the Hawaiians.
It was, however, impracticable to prevent the women from
swarming over the ships. The native account received from
participants by the early missionaries, states that it was arranged in public council that the women should take this
course, as the easiest way of obtaining iron and other prized
articles from the ships.
Proceeding from Niihau to Alaska, and returning nine
months later, Cook's ships made the coast of Hamakua, Hawaii. He again sought to keep the women from his crew,
but discovered that they were already infected with the malady. So promiscuous were the habits of the people, that
from the first center of infection at Waimea, the malady had
in nine months, spread like a fire to the other extremity of the
group. This again, is corroborated by the information obtained by the early missionaries as to the spread of the disease. Dr. Ellis describes in words undesirable to here reproduce the grossly aggressive and impetuous action of the
females.
It was the universal practice of ordinary hospitality to
visitors, to supply them during their sojourn, with the
women of the family. Such a matter-of-course tender was
a frequent cause of annoyance to the early missionaries in
their tours in remoter districts, enjoying the cordial hospitality of the most well to-do people in their neat thatched
cottages. lam not prepared t say how far this heathen
Volume 47, No. 3.]
19
THE FRIEND.
custom has now lapsed into disuse. It is certainly one of
the old customs sought to be maintained and revived to-
gether with the hulas and idolatrous practices. One of the
painful experiences of missionaries in the out-districts, was
to hear of this practice being carried out in the chief households of his parish when some great man came along with
his suite. I speak from repeated personal experience as a
missionary pastor.
It may be said in general that chastity had absolutely no
recognition. It was simply a thing unknown and unthought
of as a virtue in the old domestic life of Hawaii. * A woman
who withheld herself was counted sour and ungracious.
This did not exclude more or less of marital proprietorship,
involving an invasion of the husband's right in enjoying his
property without his consent. There was no impurity in it,
any more than among brute animals.
There was, however, a salutary limitation of some importance in a frequent stringent guarding of early virginity.
Young maidens were quite commonly put under tabu for
first use by the chief, after possession by whom all restriction ceased. No sense of a sacredness in chastity seems to
have been involved in this, nor any sense of profanation in
the contrary. It was only the thought of a special choiceness in an article that was fresh and unused. In the tremendous disturbances of life ensuing upon the advent of the
white man, even this solitary restriction perished.
No severe moral reprobation is due to the primitive Hawaiian for what seems to have been an ignorant innocence
of easy, promiscuous living, like the free life of animals,
without sense of evil. None the less must we deem this
social condition more than any other to have incapacitated
the Hawaiians from holding their own after the advent of
the white man. During the simplicity of aboriginal life, and
in the total absence of sexual diseases, the evils resulting
from promiscuous intercourse would be minimized. Procreative force remained largely in excess of mortality, so
that the teeming population was kept down by infanticide.
But to the malady which the white man imported, the unguarded social condition was as tow to the flame. The
scorching and withering disease ran like wildfire through the
nation. Multitudes died at once, while the survivors remained with poisoned bodies and enfeebled constitutions.
A general impairment of constitutional vigor in the people
by venereal disease caused them to fall early victims to other
maladies, both native and foreign. All diseases ran riot in
their shattered constitutions. They became especially incapacitated to resist pulmonary maladies. The greatly increased prevalence of colds and consumption is doubtless
due to this syphilitic diathesis, rather than to change of
habits as to clothing, although the latter may have had some
unfavorable effect. Probably the pestilence called Okuu,
whatever its nature, which carried off such a bulk of the
population in 1804, owed most of its virulence to the impaired physique of the people.
Another destructive effect of the syphilitic taint is believed
to have been an inflaming of sexual passion. It may have
acted as a ferment thrown into the former more quiet pool
of promiscuous social living. There can be no doubt that
the advent of foreigners in large numbers was attended by
an immense increase of debased and bestial living. Ten
thousand reckless seamen of the whaling fleet annually frequented these islands and used it as their great brothel.
This enormously aggravated and inflamed the. normal unchastity of the people. In the presence'of the white hordes
life became hideously brutalized. To multitudes of young
women, gathered into the seaports for profit, from half the
households in the country, life became a continuous orgie of
beastly excess. All the former slender limitations and restrictions upon an indiscriminate commerce fell to pieces.
The stormy and reckless passion of the white man, exulting
in his unwonted license, imparted itself to the warm but
sluggish Hawaiian nature. Life became a wasteful riot of
impurity, propagated from the seaports to the end of the
land. There was thus no defense against the new and try-
ing conditions of life through any existing sentiment of the
sacredness of chastity. The inevitable consequence was depopulation. The population of brothels and slums has no
internal power of multiplying^
In the Report on the subject of Purity adopted by the 144
Bishops convened in the late Pan-Anglican Conference at
Lambeth Palace, are the following words; "W« solemnly
record our conviction that wherever marriage is dishonored,
and sins of the flesh are lightly regarded, the home life will
be destroyed, and the nation itself will sooner or later, decay
and perish." The source of this language will lend it great
weight. The Hawaiian nation is a sad witness to their
truth.
'One of the most destructive consequent'*n of the new physical taint was the enfeeblement of int. ncy, rendering it
difficult for the diseased babes to survive Hie ignorant and
careless dealing of their nurses. The largest increase in the
mortality of the Hawaiians was undoubtedly among their
infants. The external influences adverse to infant survival
among Hawaiians are very great. Chief among these are
the practice of feeding with unsuitable nutriment in early
infancy, the prevalence of unchecked cutaneous maladies,
general lack of watchful care, and evil doses administered
by ignorant or superstitious friends. Healthy and vigorous
infants, as of the old times, would in good numbers, survive all
these hostile conditions. Those born into the taint of syphilis, with its inward and outward corrosions, had little prospect of surviving other maltreatments, unless some missionary or other beneficent foreigner came to their aid with
his simple regimen and alleviations.
Under this general head of Unchastity, as the chief cause
of the depletion of the race, a considerable share must be attributed to the extensive loss of procreative power in the
males. This loss was probably due in part to syphilitic
taint, but is mainly owing to early sexual excess during
puberty. In the aboriginal condition, there would seem
to have been less tendency to very early indulgence among
the males. The nervous irritations of the syphilitic taint,
and the exciting excesses pervading native society, may
have been causes extending debauching influences even to
the children. It is certain' that in many districts, deplorable excesses have been found to exist among the school
children. It seems to be true that a majority of young Hawaiian men never have children. Those placed early under
the discipline of foreigners, in boarding schools or otherwise
show exceptions to the common rule. The incapacity
seems to be mainly on the part of the males. Young
women united to Chinamen or white men are usually quite
as fruitful as women of other races. Per contra, it is to be
noted that such men are apt to select the best conditioned
females, also that they are accustomed to restrain and to
protect their wives, as Hawaiians do not, and so keep them
in healthier condition.
The common record of Hawaiian families is, few ornochildren born, or perhaps several born, most or all of whom die in
infancy. It is exceedinglyraretofind alargefamily surviving to
adultage. Nearly all such that I have known were families underthe immediateand veryparental control of some missionary,
with whom the parents had lived from early youth, learning
habits of industry, self-control, and civilized domestic living.
They were themselves kept in vigor and health, their children were well cared for, and well doctored in sickness.
Natives so situated very frequently not only raised large
families, but by means of their superior industry, skill and
thrift, acquired considerable substance. Being thereby
placed in a high social rank among their countrymen, it has
too commonly resulted, that most of their children became
dissolute, like the children of the wealthy elsewhere, and the
family failed to be continued.
Among other disastrous effects of the universal syphilitic
taint was the frequency of miscarriages. It has been the
testimony of missionaries and physicians, that a very considerable proportion of native births have been prevented by
that cause. In my inquiries in native households, this has
'
20
THE FRIEND
been assigned as frequently as any other, as the cause of
the absence of children. To make such inquiries is indeed
melancholy. One becomes glad to hear that even one or
two children are surviving in a household.
Abortion is often attributed to active horseback exercise
during pregnancy. As native females used to be continually galloping about, no doubt this has contributed to
the evil since 1850, when the common people began generally to possess horses. With the development of good
roads, wheels are now coming into very common use by all
classes.
2. Drunkenness. This should be assigned to no inconsiderable place among disabling conditions. Before the haole
arrived, the favorite narcotic was awa (piper methysticum)
more commonly known throughout Oceanica as kava. A
beer of some strength was made by fermenting sweet potato. The sirupy Ki-root (Draccena Ti) was also macerated
and fermented, becoming still more alcoholic than the potato. This was less acceptable, tending to produce irascibility, while the sour potato swill only inflamed sexuality. No
great orgugs of drunkenness resulted from the use of any of
the foregoing. The vice existed only in mild forms. Awa
in excess tended to waste and paralyze the system.
With the foreigner came the products of the still. Only
then did drunkenness begin to reign. Drunken orgies
were an essential part of the beach-comber's paradise on
Hawaiian shores. He found the Hawaiian an apt disciple,
save that like all savages, he did not know how to stop.
The story of the early missionaries is one of constant impediment in their labors from the inebriety of the King and
Chiefs, and of frequent annoyance and disturbance from the
riotous orgies of the common people. While Kamehameha
lived, he put considerable check upon both his people and
himself as to temperance. His youthful successor, Liholiho, plunged, with his people, into a carnival of excess.
The contribution of drunkenness to depopulation was
mainly indirect, although powerful. It tended to overturn
and destroy whatever remains of wholesome social order
and domestic life survived the general wreck consequent upon foreign intercourse. It stimulated the passions; it solved
the remaining bonds of self-restraint; it flung prudence to
the winds; thus it enhanced the effectiveness of the causes
previously described. Intemperance is always a chief ally
of impurity. The gin-mill and the brothel are close partners.
3. Oppression by the Chiefs. There was a considerable
mortality during the first quarter of this century, when the
Sandal wood trade was active, caused by the heavy exactions of the King and Chiefs upon the common people to
procure this precious commodity, wherewith to liquidate
their immense debts to the traders, incurred for yachts and
costly luxuries. Great numbers of men were driven into the
mountains upon this errand, passing many nights in cold
and rain with slight protection and little food. The result
was great waste of life, and the almost entire extirpation of the
precious tree. Other severe exactions of labor were common.
Great levies of labor and supplies were frequently made at a
chiefs caprice from the tenants of remote estates, to be
brought to the island capital. This was an evil much increased by the temptations of foreign trade. No doubt it
materially contributed to the decimation of the people. Oppression by Chiefs has ceased to be an operative cause for
nearly half a century, or since Constitutional government
began to exist.
4. Infectious and Epidemic Diseases. These have largely
added to" the destruction of the population. There seems to
be good reason for accepting the theory that new diseases
attack with more severity and greater fatality races who are
unaccustomed to them or to their like. No doubt any race
becomes in time somewhat hardened to the diseases which
infest it, the weaker and more susceptible individuals being
weeded out, and the hardier ones transmitting their resisting
power to descendants.
Measles first appeared here in 1849. Great numbers died
[March, 1889.
in all parts of the group. The excess of mortality was attributed to the patients' bathing in order to alleviate the external heat and irritation of the malady.
Small-pox first arrived in 1853. Before vaccination could
be efficiently administered to the natives, the- infection had
spread over the Island of Oahu, and one-half, or 15,000 of
the people on that island perished in a few weeks. After
their manner, they rushed to visit their friends when attacked by the disease. Isolation and precaution against infection is foreign to their natures. By the energy of the then
"missionary" government quarantine measures were vigorously enforced on the other islands, and the people thoroughly vaccinated, so that only a few hundred deaths occurred. Foreigners were all promptly vaccinated, and nearly
all escaped.
Malarial and other epidemics have been repeatedly introduced, and from time to time have produced extensive mortality among, the natives. The admirable climate, with its
sea-air and the ozone of the mountain land-breezes, seemed
in each case rapidly to mitigate the virulence with which
earlier cases of the new malady would be characterized,
later cases assuming milder forms, until the disease seemed
to slowly die out. This was very marked in the instance of
what was known as the " 800-hoo" fever, which attacked
all newly arrived foreigners. It was quite severe at its first
appearance in 1851, but by 1857 had become a very trifling
malady.
Leprosy has been something of a scourge. Probably
4,000 lepers have died in these islands during the past thirty
years. The number at present suffering from the disease
cannot be more than 1,500, or four per cent, of the native
population. For more than a year, or since the end of 1887,
there has been a radical improvement in the work of segregating the lepers. There seems reason to believe that soon,
nearly every leper will have been removed to the excellent
asylum at Molokai. The lepers are nearly all natives. The
disease very rarely appears among the white or the Mongoloid races living here, owing to their carefully avoiding intercourse with lepers. Hawaiians, on the contrary, mingle
freely with lepers, in the most intimate daily intercourse.
They commonly regard the segregation of their leprous relatives'as a cruel and uncalled for severity. This is only
one illustration of the habitual indifference of this people to
sanitation, whether in physics or in morals.
Indeed the idea of disease being a product of natural agencies, and a thing to be averted by physical preventives,
seems to be one quite foreign to the Hawaiian's mind, and
contrary to his mode of thought. In common with other
uncivilized races the world over, they were accustomed to
attribute all diseases to the immediate agency of some personal demon, who enters the patient and malignantly distresses and destroys him. This brings us to another, and
one of the most destructive of the agencies contributing to
the diminution of the Hawaiian people.
5. Kahunas and Sorcery. The kahuna is the medicine
man. He is properly a sorcerer or wizard, whose chief reliance for the relief of disease is the employment of supernatural agencies, although he will also perhaps use drugs
and hygienic treatment. From ancient times these men
and their arts have been powerful agencies of death, although not seldom effecting a species of faith cure."
When a Hawaiian is ill, his superstitious relatives and
friends immediately seek to persuade him that his sickness
is owing to the malign presence of some demon, who must
either be propitiated or expelled by force. Some kahuna is
called in to accomplish this object. He is believed to enjoy
special power with some patron demon, who may be the
one needing to be propitiated, or whose agency may be
called in to expel and overcome the perhaps less powerful
agent of the disease. H one kahuna proves insufficient to
the task, others must be found who possess the special influence needed. The processes employed are always expensive to the patient, and very commonly quite severe.
(To be Continued.)
"
Volume 47, No. 3.]
Why Mauna Loa Must be La Mesa.
Students oi Hawaiian history are
aware that both Spanish and native
evidence point to a discovery of the Hawaiian group by Spanish navigators in
the sixteenth century. The native evidence is to the effect that white people
landed from a wrecked ship at a place
called Kulou in Kona, Hawaii, in the
time of Kealuokaloa, who must have
lived early in the sixteenth century. The
particulars of the native tradition are
found in Fornander's History,,Vol. 11,
p.p. 106-110. The Spanish charts of the
sixteenth!'century locate a group of islands in approximately the position of
the Hawaiian group. The largest of these
named La Mesa. A copy of such a
Spanish chart may be seen in a folio
edition of La Perouse's Voyage, in the
public library.
La Mesa, or the Tabic, is the conventional Spanish term for a level and elevated district, very commonly bounded
by precipices. It has generally been
thought to have been applied by the
Spanish navigators to Mauna Loa as
being a very broad and flat mountain.
But the question arises, is the name
La Mesa or high table land, one so
corresponding to the aspect presented
by Hawaii to navigators passing by it,
that they would naturally apply it to
that island?
It certainly must be said that the appearance of Hawaii, as seen from the
directions of north, northwest, and east,
with which' residents here are most familiar, by no means is that of a tableland.
It exhibits a series of very lofty mountains, the most distant one of which, is
also of great lateral extension, and uniformity of surface. It is, however, a
long low dome, rather than a table
mountain, and is quite overshadowed
by the majesty of the nearer Mauna
.Kea. It is plainly seen to have a distinctly ascending grade clear to the
summit.
It is known, however, that the habitual route of the Spanish ships across
the Pacific, was at a considerably lower
latitude than that of Hawaii, and that
their chance approach to that island
would naturally have been upon the
south. It is therefore the southern aspect of the island that should be studied,
in considering the applicability to it of
the name La Mesa. On the south side
of Hawaii, Mauna Loa is the only
mountain seen, and we wish to point
out the fact, which we do not think has
been hitherto noticed, that by a certain
peculiar contour upon its southern side,
this mountain does actually present in
perspective, the semblance of a great
table land.
This peculiarity of contour consists in
the existence of two great shoulders
upon the E.S.E. and S.S.W. sides of
Mauna Loa. The eastern one forms the
great Kilauea plateau, which leaves the
general slope of the great mountain at a
21
THE FRIEND.
height of over 4,000 feet and with a very
slight incline, quite flat to the eye, extends some ten miles to the sea, ending
abruptly in the precipices above the Puna
coast. The other great shoulder of Mauna Loa is that of Kahuku, which is also
very nearly a plateau of some 0,0(1(1 feet
in height. It runs out into the long
southern extension of the island. On the
south-east, as seen from Punaluu, it
shows a precipitous front several miles
back in the interior. These two shoulders or wings give to Mauna Loa a
crescent-like contour towards the southeast. They also produce the deep bay of
the south-east coast of the island, the
head of which is at Punaluu.
It is these two shoulders of the mountain with their precipitous fronts, seen
with the main summit somewhat in the
background, which in perspective present very precisely the aspect of an extended table land, as observed from vessels running down the coast from the
eastward. The Spanish mariner we suppose to have first made the Puna coast.
He first sees the great Kilauea plateau,
with the low dome of Mouna Loa far in
the rear, if seen at all. Passing Keauhou, Mauna Loa emerges fully into
view, but as if a mere continuation inland of the Kilauea table, its actual
height, as seen in perspective, escaping
notice. Beyond the summit again, as
the ship rapidly runs down with the
trades, the Kahuku wing of the crescent
comes to the front. The summit is still
in the background, its actual height unappreciated ; the Kahuku shoulder seems
but a continuation of one great plateau,
of which the Mauna Loa summit seems
to form the smooth level center. Although the distant center of the crescent
is thrice the height of the nearer wings,
yet as seen in perspective by an uninstructed eye, it would quite naturally be
taken as but part of a table land of uniform height. This effect would be the
more likely to be produced, since the first
impression of a table land would have
been so strongly given in approaching
the Kilauea plateau from the east.
It seems to us that much account
should also be made of the very exceptionally smooth contours of Hawaii.
High tropical islands almost universally
present an aspect of serrated pinnacles
and ridges, the effect of long continued
atmospheric erosion. Hawaii and especially Mauna Loa has not yet experienced such erosion. Mauna Loa is a
virgin mountain, only just emerged from
Earth's fiery womb, her smooth form as
yet unwrinkled and unscarred by the
tempests of ages.- Such smooth, low
mountain forms as those of southern
Hawaii are seen nowhere else in the
Pacific Ocean, or upon the adjacent
continents. Their aspect must have
been a strange one to the voyaging
Spaniards. They would give it a strange
and peculiar name. We seem certainly
justified in claiming the name La Mesa
as belonging to Hawaii, because it is
distinctively characteristic of its southern perspective, and because it is absolutely inapplicable to any other island
in the Pacific Ocean. Does not then
the name La Mesa, identify the island
of Hawaii beyond a doubt? We have
shown it to fit perfectly the superficial
aspect of that island as seen from the
southeast; and it could never have been
suggested by any other land in this
ocean.
Episcopacy.
Our excellent brethren of the Anglican
communion find some of themselves in
a serious antagonism with their very devout and zealous Bishop.
A portion of
the facts are stated in the Anglican
Church Chronicle. We cordially wish
them a satisfactory issue from their difficulties, both in friendly regard to themselves and that their very needful spiritual force in the city and the land may
not be obstructed. At the same time we
are not rendered any the less content
with our own democratic church polity,
under which a difficulty like theirs could
not
arise.
In civil affairs here, autocratic assumptions and arbitrary proceedings have of
late come to be at a considerable discount. The same tendency is inevitable
in ecclesiastical matters. In all communities where intelligence is increasing
and character enlarging, there becomes
less and less use for one-man control,
either in state or church. Whatever authority may nominally be held by any
functionary, the actual exercise thereof
must, necessarily be adjusted to this patent fact, that intelligence and character
do not fit themselves under arbitrary
control. Either the monarch is content
to become such only in name, or else he
and his office disappear together from the
scene. A function that was useful and
even indispensable in barbarous social
conditions, becomes useless and impracticable with developed christian civilization.
Monthly Record of Events.
Feb. Ist.—Rainfall for January only
.86 of an inch.
2d.—Arrival U. S. S. Vandalia from
San Francisco en route for Samoa. —Final rendition of Patience to as crowded
a house as ever. The three performances
realized $1,358.52 gross.
4th.—Second auction sale of Crown
Land Leases, fifteen year terms, mostly on Oahu, adding $2,197 per annum to
the royal revenue.
6th.—Arrival of the steamer Australia
from San Francisco with a goodly passenger list, including Miss Ackerman
the Temperance lecturer, and the Campobello Operatic Concert Co.—Superintendent Wilson of the Water Works
puts his patrons on short allowance,
owing to the usual rains having forgotten Honolulu this winter.
22
[March, 1889
THE FRIEND.
7th.—The Vandalia departs for Samoa Convention with the United States, to
to be ready for emergencies in case the commence operations March Ist.
physicians get worse in the treatment
10th.
of their patient.
Bth.—Arrival of S. S. Mariposa from
the Colonies en route for San Francisco,
with report of war cloud thickening over
Samoa. Special Correspondent Kleir a
through passenger, with important dispatches.
9th.—Departure of the Conquest and
Hyacinth for other scenes, Blue Ribbon entertainment, at Y. M. C. A. Hall
with lecture by Miss Ackerman drew a
very large audience.
10th.—Miss Ackerman delivered the
evening address at Central Union Church
to a crowded and attentive audience.
11th. —Gasoline explosion at the
Beaver Saloon, with fatal results; alarm
of fire sounded, but the flames were extinguished with but slight damage to
premises. Eugene Zoetl, a German,
aged about twenty-five years, and two
Chinese were so badly burned that
death ensued in from eight to twenty
hours. Mr. H. J. Nolte,*the proprietor,
was severely burned on the head, face
and hands; also two others more or
less severely and one other slightly injured.—Kona weather indications with
rain.
12th.—A cold rain ushers in Accession
Day.—Government Holiday and annual
parade day of the Fire Department.
Being steamer day few houses closed.
—Steamer Australia for San Francisco
takes a goodly passenger and freight
list, including Hawaii's tribute to the
Paris Exposition.—Engine Co. No. 2,
at their banquet, "watch" their retiring
treasurer, H. Smith, in the shape of a
—
$125 Waltham.
13th.—Through Miss Ackerman, a
branch society of the V's organize for
aiding the temperance work in these
islands.
15th.—Arrival of five vessel* from
San Francisco, four reporting passages
from seventeen to nineteen days. —Farewell temperance address by Miss Ackerman.—Hawaiian Camera Club perfects
its organization.
16th.—Joe Keau, a native employed
at the Marine Railway falls from the top
of the cradle and is instantly killed.—E.
G. Schuman's cottage at Waikiki destroyed by fire.
17th.—A day of accidents; a runaway
horse knocks over and severely injures
two persons and collides with a lamp
post, demolishing it and the carriage.—
Boat building shop of E. R. Ryan, on
Esplanade, and contents entirely consumed by fire.
18th.—Steamer Alameda arrives from
San Francisco, en route for the Colonies,
two days behind through delayed mails.
Quite a party of tourists come to "do" the
islands.— Receipt of the Parcels Post
—Thermometer registered 55"
this a.m., said to be the lowest of the
season.
22d.—George Washington's birthday
observed by a liberal display of bunting
throughout the town and among the
shipping.—A locomotive makes a satisfactory trial trip on the King street tramway.
Execution day of Ahopa,
25th.
Chinaman; respite granted till March sth.
2fith.—The Kimui takes a large party
of thirty or more for the volcano.
27th.—On the petition of Ahopa, sentenced to be hung, for commutation of
sentence the Privy Council declines to
interfere with the decision of the Court.
—
Marine
Journal.
PORT OF HONOLULU.—FEBRUARY.
AJIItIVALS.
Am wh bk Northern Light, Simmonds, 30 days from
Maria Islands.
days from San
I--U S H Vandalia, Schoonmaker,
Francisco.
ft Haw S S Australia, Houdlette, 7% days from San
Francisco.
7 -Am bk Alex McNeil, Friis, 62 days from Sydney.
Haw hk W B Codfrey, Dabel, 19 days from San
Francisco.
I Am S S Mariposa, Hayward, 11 days from the Colonies.
Brit bk Don Adolfo. Moorhead, 58 days from Newcastle.
days from Newcastle.
10 Am bktne Wrestler, Cook*,
Haw schr Jennie Walker, Anderson, 21 days from San
KraiH taoo.
it
Am hk John I> Brewer, Josselyn, 135 days from
Boston.
13—Am bk Ivy, Caron, 180 days from New York.
15 Am bktne W H Dimond, Drrw, 18% days from San
Franci-r...
Am bktne S N Castle, Hubbard, 17 days from San
Francisco.
Am bktne Discovery, McNeil, 17 days from San Francisco.
Am hk Alden Besse, Cousins, 19 days from San Francisco.
days from San FranAm wh hk Helen Mars, Ellis,
cisco.
Am
days
bk
from
Mexico.
Coluso,
Backus,
in
21
18—Am S S Alameda, Morse, 6% days from San Fran-
i
cisco.
PASSENGERS.
ARRIVALS.
From San Francisco, per S S Australia, Feb 6—W G
Irwin, wife, child, and nurse, G W Baldwin, J G Spencer,
wife, and son, Capt W Kllis, Sig Y. Campobello and wife,
Fellix Olleri, Mrs II Berber and son, Mis* J Ackerman, C
W llMfariMW, Mrs X Macfarlane, Mrs Ripley, J W
Perry, M I I'l.tvi
wife, and son, F Metcalf, C W Merrill,
H J Hark, N (J Ulockwarc, Mrs J Karnsworth and son, A
Jaeger and wife, Mrs C I. Wight, J W Bruce, A Rick E
Van Arnswalt, J T Cross and wife, Mrs A A Pratt, J W
Rolwy, G \V Rolwy, and 13 steerage
From Sydney, per bark Alex McNei!, Feb 7—Misses
Mary and I;Win he Kriis and Mrs Mooney.
From the Colonies, per S S Mariposa, Feb B—The Wll*
son ACameron Troupe (11), Mr Cotterell, Thomas Wall, C
Hinckley, Robert Campbell, and 118 in transit.
From San Francisco", per bktne W H Dimond, Feb t$
R \V Aiulc-tsori, B A Lundrv, and Wm Hum.
From S.tn Francisco, per RMS S Alameda, Feb 18—
M Adelsdorfei, B H Allen ami wife, W T Brigham, Mrs
Coil and maid, Miss M F Gushing, Mrs F E Katon and
cihld, I R Foster and wife, O Goldsmith and wife, Miss M
S Griffin, A Haas, C \V Ham and wife, F S Hebbard, R E
Hilliard .mil wife, ) I) King, wife, and son, S C King, Geo
W Madariana, Miss Mahon, H R Merrill, C H Merrill,
Saii.'l Mawhinney, I>r P A Morrow, R W McChesney, A
Page and Wife, A W I'arkei, Miss Parks, J C Parcher, H
A Pannalee, W H I'uivis, wifeami maid, R W Purvis, H
P Ray, J S Kkhaids ami wife, Claus Sprockets wife and ■*
servants, Miss SpreekaU, Mrs A M Tufts, Miss Tufts, W
Van Devanter, A Wansey, Wm Whitehead. J D Wide, W
W Bruiier, J I) Finery, H C I.yon, 16.steerage, and 75
passengers in transit.
From San Francisco, per hark Ceylon, Feb 53—C H
Furguson, Mrs R McEntce and Walter F McEntee.
From Newcastle, par hark Kdmund Phinney, Feb 27
J Richardson and wile.
,
—
—
I>l- I'ARTI KES,
Far San Francisco, per bktne Planter, Feb 5—J H Luce
For San Francisco, per S S Mariposa, Feb 9—W H Mo
Henry, John J Mcllenry, I)r M Grossman, Capt Graham,
wifeand chili, Mrs .1 H Chapman, W I) West, AAschiem,
J D Tucker, and M Green
For- San Francisco, per S S Australia, Feb 12— G W
Roby, J H Roby, X W Metcalf, C W Merrill, H J Parke,
A Young and wife, J A Lowe, M Postlethwaite, Geo H
Dole, Miss A Chapin, H R Hitchcock. Mrs J I Dowsett,
Isaac Damon, Mrs dc Hnttville, Miss E
Rev I
11, Walter Dillingham. Mr Crocker, Mr Cameron,
wife and child, Mr Fllaon, wife and child, Donaldson Bros,
J W Wilson, Meyertin and daughter, A Turton, Miss L
Mayer, J R Raher, wifeand child, and 79 steerage p.issetigers.
For San Francisco, per bark S C Allen, Feb 18—J F
Rabcr, wife and child., A B Case, J A Devin, and Silas H
Duncan.
For the Colonies, per R M S S Alameda, Feb 18 -Miss
Fataia A Ackerman, Miss E F, Hines, I, Field and wife, T
W Brown, Mr- M Brown, J W Perry, X G Blackmore,
mothers, And 75 passengers 111 transit.
For San Francisco, per bark W B Godfrey, Feb 26—F
Kuppe.
—
For San Francisco, per hktue W H Dimond, Feb 27
Wm Woolham, Win Horn, H Kastedc, wife and three
children.
For Hongkong, per bark Kalakaua, Feb 27—John Bowler, and 43 Chinese.
BIRTHS.
22—Am bktne Klikitat, Cutler, 30 days from Port Town- lie LEAN At Makawao, Maui, February Bth, to the wife
send.
of Geo. T. McLean, a daughter.
23—Am bk Ceylon, Calhoun, 16 days from San Francisco.
Hesper,
Ryder,
days
bk
from
Newcastle.
Am
56
MARRIAGES.
27—Am bk Edmund Phinney, Young, 67 days from Newcastle.
BRANCH-NOTT In this city, February 21st, at the
28 —Am wli brig Alexander, •}% months from New Bedford.
residence of the bride's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Jno. Nott,
days from a cruise.
Oscar Branch to Miss Caroline Nott.
Am wh hk No<thern Light,
DECOTF.-HORNER—In Lahaina, February 22nd, at
residence of the bribe's parents, Mr. and Mrs. W. Y.
DEPAKTUKES.
Homer, by Rev. W. H. Barnes, W. L. Decate to Miss
Sarah Homer.
Gray.
s:hr
for
the
—Am
wh
Kelley,
Jane
Arctic.
i
2—Am wh bk Northern Light, Simmons, for theArctic.
DEATHS.
3 Brit Yacht Nyan/a, Holland, for San Francisco.
STIRLING At Ashford. Krnt, Fngland, January 6th,
s—Am—
5 Am bk CO Whitmore, Ward, for San Francisco*
Stirling,
a Privy Councillor of the KingHon. Robert
Am bktne Planter, Penhallow, for San Francisco.
dom, aged about 60 years.
7—U S S Vaudalia, Schoonmaker, for Samoa.
TUCKKR In San Francisco, January 20th, Henriettas.
9—H BM S Hyacinth, Oxley, for Hongkong.
Tucker, mother of Jo-mua D. Tucker of this city, a naAm S S Mariposa, Hayward, for San Francisco.
tive of Kastport, Me., aged 66 years, 7 months and 22
ii —Am bktne S G Wilder, Paul, for Sin Francisco.
days.
12—Haw S S Australia, Houdlctte, for San Francisco.
Brit bk Dunscore, Hind, for Portland.
PHILLIPS In San Francisco, January 25th, Michael
13 —Am bktne Skagit, Robinson, for San Francisco.
Phillips, aged 55 rears, a native of Schwerseng, Prussia,
14—Am Yacht Casco, Ottis, for San Francisco.
and head of the firm of M. Phillips & Co., of the above
15 —Am bk S C Allen, Thompson, for San Francisco.
city and Honolulu.
16—Haw schr Jennie Walker, Anderson, for Gilbert Is.
ALLEN—In Honolulu, February sth, Emma, beloved
18—AmS S Alauwda, Morse, for the Colonies.
wife of William Allen and daughter of the lata
20—H B M S Cormorant, NicoUs, for Kauai.
W. Jarrett, aged 33 years.
21—«Am schr Robt Searles, Pittz, for San Francisco.
Mary
Dyrebourg,
bktne
San
Winkelman,
for
Am
ZOL"TL—In this city, February 12th, Eugene Zoetl, a naFrancisco.
tive of Get many, aged about 25 years.
22 —U S S Alert, Green, for thr Windward Islands.
VERNON—In this city, February 15th, Mrs. Elizabeth
25—80l bk Don Adolfo, Moorhead, for Puget Sound,
Rebecca Vernon, a native of Coventry, England; aged 78
Am bk John D Brewer, fosselyn, for Manila.
years and 1 month.
26 —Haw bk W B Godfrey, Dabcl, for San Francisco.
Kapaa, Kauai, February 18th, Nellie,
bktne
for
Dimond,
W
San
Francisco.
BLAISDELL—At
Drew,
27—Am
H
only daughter of William and C. A. Blaisdell, aged 10
Am bktne Discovery, Mc Neil, for San Francisco.
years, 1 month 28 days.
Haw bk Kalakaua, Duncan, for Hongkong.
Volume 47, No. 3.]
HAWAIIAN B0A&B.
HONOLULU H. I.
This page is devoted to the interests of the Hawaiian
Board of Mission?., and the Editor, appointed by the
Board is responsible forits contents.
Rev. O. P. Emerson,
23
THE FRIEND.
-
Editor.
In entering upon his duties the editor
of this page of The Friend finds himself in a receptive mood, and consequently somewhat uncommunicative. So
cular letter will meet with a kindly response.
Hawaiian Board,
Honolulu, Feb. 14th, 1880.
Dear Sir:—The Board of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association through its
Secretary and Treasurer, begs to present the following statement for your
earnest consideration as a friend of the
work it is engaged in doing among the
churches and people of the Hawaiian
Islands. We are now entering upon
the second quarter-century of our work;
we see before us a great opportunity,
and are resolved to improve it. The
needs of the hour and the strategic importance of the situation constrain us to
appeal to you for the means toward a
better equipment for this great enter-
Rooms
of the
far he has indulged in but glimpses, and
beyond all that he has seen there liest he
yet larger, unexplored background. He
has heard much, but more than all are
the things still to be told. So he fain
would be silent. And yet there is often
an advantage in the eye and the ear that
has not been filled to repletion. There
is a zest in novelty which attracts and prise.
holds the attention. One gets interested,
The situation in brief, is this: A large
the heart is stirred, and there must be pagan element is in our midst whose
expression.
evangelization is a matter of supreme
importance and privilege. As a leaven
One of the most potent things to be to operate specially among the twenty
noticed in the study of the native Ha- thousand Chinese that have come to us,
waiian is his sensitiveness. He is easily we can point to certain hopeful agencies
moved; a smile wins him, and a frown now at work, but inadequate to meet the
repels him. He loves cordiality, the po- pressing demands of the field. Greatly
lite bow and the hearty handshake. He increased reinforcements are needed for
studies your manner, he notes the tone the successful prosecution of the work.
of your voice; manner has great effect It has the best of leadership; the lack is
on him. He himself is an actor, and his of funds. The books of Treasurer show
bearing and his speech abound in win- a deficit of $104 in this special branch
someness. The native is by no means of the work, and if operations are to be
an admirer of plebeian ways. He looks pushed forward with the energy demandfor courtliness and grace. That which ed by the imperative needs of this great
is impressive he designates as kohn ; and interesting people, there must be a
that which fails of it is kohu ole —two proportionate increase of the funds availterms often on his lips. It follows from able to the Board.
the above that, in the right hands, the
The Japanese element in our populanative is tractable. He can be led, but tion numbers seven thousand, including
he cannot be drivtn.
eight hundred females. In our sheer
inability to adequately cultivate this part
Rev. D. Kanoho, native missionary of the field we hail with thankfulness
stationed at Marakei, one of the Gilbert the Providence that has turned the
Islands, writes June 21, 1888, that the efforts of the San Francisco Japanese
people there have been setting their Mission of the Methodist Kpiscopal
hands to the making of laws for their Church in this direction. It has already
better government, and for the suppres- sent four active laborers into the field,
sion of evil practices ; and among the and the powerful manner in which they
results he notes a more quiet Sabbath. have entered upon this work, and the
He sees also a certain decided turning rich spiritual blessings that have come
of his neighbors from the worship of upon their efforts, give us great encourtheir idols ; the fear of them is being agement in doing our share toward conlifted from off the minds of that people. tributing to its support.
A new work should be opened by this
And this comes about by way of the
knowledge of the true God which is being Board among the Portuguese. This
fecund race is getting a firm foothold
made known to them.
among us, and is increasing rapidly. It
Week before last we were busy pre- is estimated that there are already eleven
paring our exhibits for the Paris Exposi- thousand in the country. This is not
tion. Things had to be packed at the for us a forbidden field. The Protestant
last moment. The brief historical and Portuguese on the Islands are asking
statistical chart printed on another page, for religious teachers. Individuals have
together with publications of the mission been moved to enter the work; but till
and of the Board, was sent as an ap- we have the funds, we cannot as a
pendage to a map of the islands, show- Board take it up. And yet we feel that
now is the time for enlargement in this
ing the stations in colors.
direction; for we are sure that in the
We feel the need of urgently pressing near future, the work among the Portuthe claims of our work, and we trust guese will assume a grave importance
that the following self-explanatory cir- in our eyes.
But the chief and heaviest duty which
lies upon us is toward the native Hawaiian. And first of all there stands
our Training School for pastors. It is
the center of our native work, and
should be ever kept, in its appointments
and instruction, in advance of the social
and literary average of the people for
whom it is maintained. And there is
always before us, to be found in »ur
rural districts, the spectacle of the poorly-housed, under-fed, debt-burdened native pastor, ekeing out his pittance of
salary with the labor of his hands; expending in such prolonged work the
energies that ought to be given to his
pastorate. We ought to have at least
$2,000 a .year to spend for the support
of the work in feeble Hawaiian churches.
Add to this large obligation of the Home
field, that of the Foreign, and we have
a burden indeed.
We have spent for our Micronesian
mission $2,679.50 more than has been
specifically given to this work, and it is
in need of yet further outlay. Its publication fund» stands credited to the
amount of $1,387.65. But this does
not represent an actual gain, for the
books are sold at cost prices, and where
there are receipts there have to be disbursements. Our Hawaiian publication
fund also stands credited to the amount
of $1,1 •Mi.4o. But this sum must be
balanced against payments for a large
invoice of Hawaiian Bibles and Hymn
Books soon to be received.
We have collections for foreign missions now on hand amounting to the
sum of $357.50, and for work among
the Japanese amounting to $335. Add
to these sums three recent bequests
amounting to $1,025, and we have
in our treasury to be expended
in our work but $1,717.60. We must
soon make our appropriations for the
salaries of our foreign missionaries. To
put things on a proper footing, so that
we can go forward in our work, not only
without embarrassment, but with the
vigor and advantage which is expected
of us, we need at once at least $4,000.
In behalf of the Hawaiian Board,
Oliver P. Emerson,
Corresponding Secretary.
Wm. W. Hall, Treasurer.
An irritable man, whom anyone can
excite, is like a horse kept at livery,
ridden by everyone, and spurred by each
rider. Nobody is so little his own master, as he who can be stirred and provoked at another's will.—Beecher.
It is
of the revelations of Scripjudge angels, sitting
above them on the shining heights. It
may well be so. Those angels are the
Imperial Guard doing easy duty at
home. We are the tenth legion, marching in from the swamps and forests of
the far off frontier; scarred and battered,
but victorious over sin and death.—R.
D. Hitchcock.
one
ture that we are to
24
[March, 1889.
THE FRIEND.
THE T. M. C. A.
HONOLULU. H. I.
This page is devoted to the interests ol the Honolulu
Young Men's Christian Association, and the Board of
Directors arc responsible for it* contents.
S. D. Fuller,
- - -
Editor.
Topics.
The Gospel Praise Service which is
held in the V.M.C.A. Hall every Sunday evening at half-past six o'clock, will,
for this month, have the following topics:
March 3d—Failure and Remedy. Mat.
.
17:14-21.
March 10th—Temporary Goodness.
Hos. 6:4; John 6:65-67.
March 17th—How the Battle was
Won. 2 Chron. 20:18 24. John 5:4 r>.
March 24th—Abundant Pardon. Is.
56:6-7.
March 31st—He Saves, and He Alone.
Acts 4:1-12; Tim. 2:5, 6.
Notes.
The next International Si- etaries'
Conference will be held at O nge, N.
V., May 2-5, and the International Convention will convene at Philadelphia,
May 8-12.
The Boston Y. M. C. A. reports for
last year a membership of 4830. During
the year 1513 different men have belonged to the gymnasium. They have
a Sunday p.m. meeting for young men
which has grown from 35 or 40 to an
average of 200.
The Y. M. C. A. boys were much
pleased at their last meeting with the
very instructive talk of Mr. Joseph Emerson on "Hawaiian Life and Antiqui-
ties." He had on exhibition a trunk full
of interesting curios selected from his
large and valuable collections. It was
the most largely attended meeting of the
year. At the meeting next Thursday,
March 7, the subject will be "India,"
and Mr. Clifford, a gentleman who has
recently returned from that country, will
give the boys a description of some of
the things he saw.
We wish to call attention to the topics
for the Sunday evening services, printed
in another column. This is done that
the members and friends may come to
the meetings familiar with the subject
and thus better prepared to take some
part. Please bear this in mind and let
a larger number come not only to hear,
but to do the will of the Lord.
you can about yourself. Ascertain from
original sources if you are really the
manner of man people say you are; find
oot if you are always honest; if you always tell the square, perfect truth in
business deals; if your life is as good
and upright at eleven o'clock at night as
it is at noon ; if you are as sound a temperance man on a fishing expedition as
you are on a Sunday-school picnic ; if
you are as good a boy when you go to
the city as you are at home; if, in short,
you really are the sort of a young man
your father hopes you are, and your
sweetheart'believes you are. Get on intimate terms with yourself, my boy, and,
believe me, every time you come out
from one of these private interviews you
will be a stronger, better, purer man.
Don't forget this, and it will do you
good.— Selected,
The Sin of Mission.
Il isn't the thing you do, brother,
It's the thing you leave undone.
Which gives you a bit of heartache,
At the setting of the sun.
The tender word forgotten.
The letter you did not write,
The flower you might have sent, brother,
Are your haunting'ghosts to night.
The'stone you might have lifted,
Out of a brother's way,
The bit of heartsome counsel,
You are hurried too much to say,
The loving touch of the hand, brother.
The gentle and winsome tone,
That you had n time nor thought for.
With troubles enough of your own.
These little acts of kindness.
So easily out of mind,
These chances to be angels.
Which even mortals find—
They come in night and silence,
Each chill, reproachful wraith,
When hope is faint and flagging,
And a blight has dropped on faith.
Kor life is all too short, brother,
And sorrow is all too great,
To suffer our slow compassion
That tarries until too late;
And it's not the thing you do, brother.
It's the thing you leave undone,
Which gives you the bitter heartache,
At the setting of the sun.
Makc.arf.t E. Sangstkr
>
Work Every One Can Do.
Don't talk louderthan you live. Hypocrites are poor witnesses. The first
person to help is yourself; the next one
is the nearest and most needy.
Help the lost sinner first; the weak
Christian will get into heaven, help him
afterward.
Invite the lost ones to service; do it
by a kind word or letter, or any good
way. Pray for them in private; speak
of the meetings, praise them.
Cut and send clippings out of the paper; use your pen; quote apt passages
of Scripture.
Introduce the unsaved to some one
who will better tell them the way to salvation. Go with the inquirer to the
altar or inquiry room. Ask them to
your homes; talk and pray with them.
Help make every meeting you attend
a good one. If you cannot sing, move
your lips in harmony with the singing.
In public service be brief, both in prayer
and remarks.
Live for Christ in your homes. This
is the great need of to-day. Wash
dishes, sell calicoes or silks like a Christian. Keep sweet, happy and hopeful.
Be a walking sermon. Don't growl
with your face. If you are sick, show
what grace can do. If you are tried,
bear as only a heaven-helped man can.
If you are in trouble, let the world see
in you the peace of God.
Let love to God flow out from all your
actions. Lead the children to Christ.
Keep away from doubtful things, and
thus help a weak brother.
Ask God to direct you to work, and
He will do it inside of forty-eight hours.
Don't quit work until the breath quits
the body; then begin service on the
other side, in Heaven.—C. H. Yatmaii.
—
Josh Billings on Infidelity.
Impudence, ingratitude, ignorance and
cowardice make up the kreed ov infidel-
ity.
It is a statistikal fakt that the wicked
work harder to reach hell than the righteous do to enter heaven.
I notiss one thing: When a man gets
into a tight spot, he don't never send for
his friend, the devil, to help him out.
I had rather be an ideot than an infidel ; if I am an infidel, I have made myself one; If an ideot, I waz made so.
I never have met a free-thinker yet
who did not beleave a hundred times
more nonsense than can be found in the
Bible ennywhere.
The infidel, in his impudence, will ask
you to prove the flood did occur, when
the poor ideot himself kant even prove,
to save his life, what makes one apple
sweat and one sour, or whi a hen's egg
\z white and a duck's egg blue.
Workers' Gems.
Whatsoever we beg of God, let us also
work for it.—Jeremy Taylor.
"The serene, silent beauty of a holy
life is the most powerful influence in
the world next to the might of God."
"My business is not to remake myself, but make the absolute best of what
God made."
Not to enjoy life, but to employ life,
ought to be our aim and inspiration.—
Get Acquainted with Yourself.
Get away from the crowd a little while I shall try to correct errors when Macduff.
How shall we dare to behold that holy
every day, my boy. Stand to one side shown to be errors, and I shall adopt
and let the world run by while you get new views so fast as they appear true face that brought salvation to us, and
acquainted with yourself, and see what views. -—A. IJncoln.
we turned away and fell in love with
kind of a fellow you are. Ask yourself (Good for theologians as well as death, and kissed deformity and sin.—
hard questions about yourself; find out all for statesmen.)
Jeremy Taylor.
THE FRIEND.
Selections.
Historical and Statistical Chart of the known as the North Pacific Missionary
Protestant Hawaiian Mission, Sent to Institute.
"Holy habits" are a safeguard amid
1844.—Census of the Protestant popthe Paris Exposition.
all
the "unmannerly distraction" which
ulation, 29,685.
1820, March 30th.—The first Mission1888.—Number of churches, fifty- hinder our religious life.
Said a wise saint, "I will do that
aries landed at Kailua, Hawaii.
eight; pastors and stated supplies, forty1821.—The first house of Christian three; number of communicants, five which I resolve to do in my best mothousand two hundred and thirty-five.
ments." Now and then, one mounts
Worship built in Honolulu.
1822, January 7th.—Printing first
1888.- Contributions toward pastor's some lofty hill ofvision, and clearly discommenced at the Hawaiian Islands. * salaries, $7,870.33; for church build- cerns the road he should travel. When
he comes down from the mount, let him
1823; April 27th.—The second com- ings, $9,126.02.
pany of Missionaries arrived.
1828, March 30th. -The third company of Missionaries arrived.
1829, July 20th.—The first meeting
house at Honolulu dedicated.
1831, June 7th.—The fourth company
of Missionaries arrived.
1832, May 17th.—The fifth company
of Missionaries arrived.
1833, May Ist.—The sixth company
of Missionaries arrived.
1834, February 14th.—The first newspaper published.
1835, June Bth.—The seventh company of Missionaries arrived.
1836.—The Female Seminary at Wailuku, Maui, begun.
1836.—The Hilo Boarding School for
boys begun.
1837, April 9th.—The eighth company
of Missionaries arrived.
1838.—Great attention given by the
natives to religion.
1839.—Ten thousand seven hundred
and twenty-five added to the churches
this year.
1839, May 10th. -The first edition of
the Hawaiian Bible finished.
1841, May Ist.—The ninth company
of Missionaries arrived.
1842, July 21st.—Kawaiahao stone
church at Honolulu finished.
1842, September 21st.—The tenth
company of Missionaries arrived.
1844, July 15th.—The eleventh company of Missionaries arrived..
1844.—Totaladditions to the Hawaiian churches between the years 1839 and
1844, thirty thousand three hundred and
1888.— Missionary charities, $7,679.-52, total <-rmtributions $24,674.87.
1888.—Up to date over sixty-one
thousand communicants received into
the nati\e Hawaiian churches.
1888.—Up to date sixty-two native
Hawaiian Missionaries (thirty-two men
and thirty women) sent out from the
Hawaiian Islands into the foreign fields,
the Marquesas Islands receiving eight,
and the Micronesian field receiving fifty-
not fail to follow that road.
The prodigal son found plenty of gay,
fast men to help him spend his money.
They had no use for him after the money
was gone. The hogs had very little use
for him either. But happily he came to
from his blind craze of vice, and remembered his Father!
Men who aim at the ground are reasonably sure to hit it. Men whose ambition is low, usually attain to the height
four.
of their ambition. If they wish to feed
1888, June 10th.—The new brick among swine the swine will share with
Kaumakapili church in Honolulu dedi- them their husks. The future has nothing
cated.
for them; "they have received their
During the fifty years of the Hawaiian reward."
Mission one hundred and forty-five
An open and rebellious sinner is a
American Missionaries (men and woman
who has lost his standing in God's
men) had been in the field connected universe. "Sinners shall not stand in
with the work.
the congregation of the saints." They
During the fifty years since 1837 the are like men
in an honest community,
native Hawaiian churches have contrib- who
to be forgers, defaulters,
turn
out
uted to foreign missions alone the sum
or libertines. They have lost standing.
of $133,015.80.
The poetry of Longfellow, Whittier,
Total number of Hawaiian pastors
since the founding of the Mission, one Lowell, and the Brownings is written
under the light of the Bible. Professor
hundred and thirty-six.
Phelps says no one could have written
"Cain," or Shelley's "Queen
A single incident may help us to Bryon's
genius had not been deMab,"
whose
realize the moral atmosphere which was veloped by a Christian civilization.
shed around the brilliant court where
conception of woman,
Coligny spent his boyhood. About four Shakespeare's
Dc
is absolutely original,
claims,
Quihcy
months after the date of this letter to
spirit
Berould, the royal household was enter- but his idea is Christian. Christ's
suffuses
and
Desdenvina.
RusOphelia
tained at dinner by burning of six herekin says his habit of taking pains, and the
tics, one of whom was a woman. It
his style were learned from
was on January 19, 1535. Amongst the best part of
Bible.
Broyham, Macaulay, and
the
company was Cardinal Duprat, Chancelacknowledged large
Daniel
Webster
France,
of
half-a-dozen
Bishop
lor of
Biblical
models of style.
to
obligations
sees besides his archbishopric of Sens,
fifty-seven.
con1851.—The Hawaiian Missionary So- whose cathedral never saw him enter For years Webster was the Biblical
Clark.
L.
cordance
of
the
Senate.—C.
until his corspe was borne there to its
ciety founded.
The ground upon which the Bible is
185,2, July 15th.—The beginning of burial. So great was his Eminence's
the Micronesian mission, three native corpulence that a place had to be cut out defended has changed. We do not disHawaiians sent as Missionaries.
from the dining-table to admit his body, parage the great work of Moses, nor
1853.—Tw0 native Missionaries sent and so eminent was his skill as an epi- prophcey, nor miracle; but we take posiout from the Hawaiian Islands to the cure that he had just invented a new tion in the citadel, which is Christ, and
Marquesas.
dish—filet d' dnton—upon which all the on the crowning miracle, which is the
1857, April 21th.—The first Mission- courtiers doated. The mode of execu- resurrection. If Christ stands, the Bible
ary packet Morning Star arrived at Ho- tion employed was the estrapade. The stands. We demonstrate by various
nolulu.
victims were fastened to a beam which lines of argument that the documents
1863, June 3rd. -The Hawaiian Evan- played up and dpwn, -and alternately which present Christ are historic. Bapgelical Association formed.
dipped them into and withdrew them tism is a monument; Sunday is a monu1870.—Fiftieth or Jubilee year of the from the flames. As the torture was ment; the Church is a monument.
Hawaiian Mission.
prolonged, the Duchesse d'Etampes These, combined with the facts concern1870.—During these fifty years of the turned to Duprat and complained, not ing Christ in history, his touch on art,
Mission, fifty-three thousand, three hun- of the atrocious cruelty of the punish- literature, science, philanthrophy, form
dred communicants were received by the ment, but of the smell of the burning a mass of demonstratian which cannot
churches.
flesh. "Madame,'' replied the cardinal be overthrown until we blot out the sun
1870.—Cost of the Hawaiian Mission jocosely, "it is clear you have never en- from the heavens. As history pushes
up to Jubilee year, $1,220,000.
tered your kitchen where pork was being on, Christianity becomes more princely,
1877.—Reorganization of the Theo- cooked —the odor is exactly the same." Christ more commanding, the Bible
more secure. C. L. Clark.
logical School at Honolulu, thereafter
The Quarterly Review.
—
—
THE FRIEND.
To Elijah's knowledge of God, we
add the'illumination of all by the brilliant, pervasive, kindly, merciful Gospel
ofthe Son of God. He saw "light by
lightning;" we see it by storage, instant
transmission, and calm, clear rings of
whitest light.— C. R. Seymour.
■ Miss Brown.—"Why, what's the matter, Mr. Jones, you look tired?"
Mr. Jones.—"Oh, I went to church
three times yesterday—at different
churches —same old thing at all three."
Miss Jones.—"Why don't you come
to our church? We've good music, easy
pews, and not a word of 'Robert Els-
mere.' "
The Bible seems like an athelete—
struck at, buffeted before, behind, and
on either sidef hither and thither, never
subdued. Like a mountain of rock,
men level off a little space and write
something on it, and say, "This is the
Bible." But the mountain is rooted in
the floor of the continent, and stands
forever, frowning in storm, and smiling
in sunshine.—C. L. Clark.
Let any lad who has left the pure atmosphere of his father's house, and
gone to the great city to seek his fortune, gradually ally himself with evil
men, feed the gross appetites of his
body, and give free rein to the lusts of
his soul, and you will soon see that by
food and exercise a devil has grown into
him that he cannot hide. His fond old
mother will discover it. The innocent
girl to whom-he pledged his faith before
he went will note it, and the men on the
streets will shake their heads as he
passes by. The evil forces within him
grow with marvelous rapidity, and as
they grow, they force the body to fit
their form. L. Lapman.
.
Next to ingratitude, the most painful T D. LANE'S
thing to bear is gratitude.—Beecher.
Repentance without faith is the Devil's
repentance; Faith without repentance is
No. 130 Fort Street, near Hotel,
the hypocrite's faith.
•
Manufacturer of
Head Stones, Tombs,
Let us form our habits rightly, that Monuments,
IWM, Marble Mantles, Marble work ofevery
they in turn may form us. Go to church DESCRIPTION
MADE TO ORDER AT THE
from habit, and God will meet you there
lowest possible rates.
with a message for you when perhaps Monuments and Headstones Cleaned and Re-set.'
Orders from theother islands Promptly attended to.
you least expect it.
janB7yr
We have our creed. The personal
NOTT,
God in the personal Christ; a broadcast
mercy through the sacrifice of Christ;
a trumpet-call to duty, introducing a TIN, COPPER AND SHEET IRON
song of privilege as we near the realm
Worker, Plumber, Gas Fitter, etc.
of gladness.
Stoves and Ranges of all kinds, Plumbers' Slock and
If anyone asks me if I believe man's
Metals, Houst: Furnishing Goods, Chandeliers,
body to have come from the brute, I
Lamps, Etc.
answer, "I know not. I believe in Rev- janB7yr
Kaahumanu St., Honolulu.
elation, I believe in Science, but neither
has revealed this to me; and I restrain SHIPPING & NAVY CONTRACTOR
my weak curiosity, which would tempt
JOSEPH TINKER,
me to inquire into what I cannot know.
Meanwhile, I am sure, and assert, that Family and Shipping Butcher,
man's soul is of a higher origin and a
loftier type." Earth need not tremble
CITY MARKET, Nuuanu Street.
when every new theory raises its head. All orders delivered with quick dispatch and at reason*
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JOHN
—Pres. McCosh
HAWAIIAN
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able rates.
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MILL,
•
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Publisher, Honolulu.
ESPLANADE, HONOLULU, H. I.
Manufacturerofall kinds of Mouldings, Brackets, Window
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mHE HAWAIIAN NEWS COMPANY,
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and
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betrayed in the house of its friends, as25 Merchant Street, Honolulu, H. I.
saulted and left for dead. Men have
and
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Bible would fall. Two hundred years
ago, Dr. Francisco Redi announced that MILK, CREAM, BUTTER, "REAVER SALOON,
life does not originate by spontaneous
AND LIVE STOCK.
H. J. NOI.TE, Proprietor,
generation; Italian theologians cried out
against it as contrary to Scripture; did
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not the carcass of Samson's lion genFort Street, Honolulu.
erate bees? Of late many have feared TTOPP & CO.,
Best Quality of Cigars, Cigarettes, Tobacco, Smokers' Arscientists would generate life and under»«yB6
,
tides, etc., always on hand.
mine the Bible that way. So the pendNo 74 King Street,
ulum swings. In the eighth century
n E. WILLIAMS,
Virgilius, Bishop of Salzburg, was IMPORTERS & MANUFACTURERS OF
Importer, Manufacturer, Upholsterer and
threatened with excommunication for
and UPHOLSTERY.
teaching the antipodes. Zachary the FURNITURE
Dealer in all kinds of Furniture.
Pope wrote "as to the perverse and
Chairs to Rent.
feb8 7
wicked doctrine which against God and
in New Fire-proof Building.
Furniture
his own soul he has advanced, if it shall
Nos.
Fort
Street
and 66 Hotel Streets.
111
ELITE ICE CREAM PARLORS
be ascertained that he declaresthat there
No. 85 Hotel Street, Honolulu, H. I.
Agency Detroit Safe Co. Feather, Hair, Hay and F.ureka
is another world and other inhabitants
Mattresses and Pillows, and Spring Mattresses on hand and
made to order. Pianos and Sewing Machines always on
beneath the earth, then call a council, Delicious Ice Creams, Cakesand Candies.
hand
and for sale or rent. Best Violin and Guitar Strings
deprive him of sacerdotal honor and extW Families, Balis and Weddings Sltplied. "SI
and all kinds of Musical Instruments for sale as cheap as
cheapest.
the
from
the
church."
communicate him
HART It CO.
janB7yr.
1.89
WOODLAWN
'
THE
•
15
HONOLULU, H. 1., MARCH, 1889.
Volume 47.
WM.
MANAGER'S NOTICE.
K. CASTLE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Merchant St., next to Post Office.
■■Tested.
pHARI.ES
T
Ii Kaahumanu
j«n87 yr
L. CARTER,
Law and
Attorney at
No.
Trust money carefully
Ntary
Public.
Street.
janBo
M. WHITNEY, M. D., O. D.
s.
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janB7yr
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Number 3.
WM. C. IRWIN ft CO.,
The manager of The Friend respectfort strket, honolulu.
fully reminds all subscribers and patrons Sugar Factors & Commission Agents.
that the presettt number opens its new volAgen's for the
ume and year, and in the preparation for
theyear /SSg tt is hoped that not only will Oceanic Steamship COmp'y.
j.inB7yr
all The Friend's friends stand by it
with their subscriptions aud advertisements, but induce their friends to aid in s. n. CMTU, <;. r. < ash k.
extending the usefulness of this "the
oldest paper in the Pacific."
pASTLE ft COOKE,
Subscription
Price, J2.00 Pier Annum.
j.
«.
atherton.
SHIPPING AND
/slanders traveling -abroad often refer
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to the welcome feeling with which The COMMISSION MERCHANTS
STATIONER, BOOKSELLER AND Friend is received as it makes its regular
AGENTS FOR
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relatives, or acquaintances abroad, can The Haiku Sugar Company,
Publisher of the Hawaiian Almanac and Anniai..
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Dealer in Fine Stationery, Hooks, Music, Toys
and Fancy Goods.
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Thk Friend, as a monthly remembrancer
Honolulu.
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The Papaikou Sugar Company,
Jul 88yr
of their aloha, andfurnish them at the same
The Waialua Plantation, R. Halstead,
time with the only record of moral and reThe A. H. Smith & Co. Plantation,
4 LLEN & ROBINSON,
ligious progress in the North Pacific Ocean. The New England Mutual Life Insurance Company,
Dealers in
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In this one claim only this joutnal is entiThe Union Fire Insurance Company,
Lumber, Building Materials and tled to the largest support possible by the
The JEtmx Fire Inusrance Company
PhilanCoals.
friends of Seamen, Missionary and
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thropic work in the Pacific, for it occupies
LUMBER YARD—ROBINSON'S WHARF.
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Honolulu, H. 1.
a central position in a field that is attractJayne & Son's Medicines.
Wilcox A Gibbs' Sewing Machines,
ing the attention of the world more and\
■p F. EHLERS & CO.,
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Remington Sewing Machine Co.
more erery year.
DRY GOODS IMPORTERS,
The Monthly Record of Events, and
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tgr All the latest Novelties in Fancy Goods Received by
additional
value to home and foreign
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BREWER & CO., (Limited)
The Friend ft devoted to the moral and\
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IMPORTERS
interests
and
is
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pubof
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lished
on
the
erery
of
first
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AND
be sent post paid for one year on receipt of COMMISSION AGENTS,
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....
THEO.
SHIP CHANDLERY,
p
HS.
•
TREGLOAN,
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Merchant Tailor.
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oo
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THUS G. THRUM, Btuinru Manager.
I
16
■piSHOP &
THE FRIEND.
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CO.,
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(Limited.)
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And their Agents in
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WHOLESALE & RETAIL DEALERS IN
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AND
Steamer
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SAMUEL NoTT.
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»
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*
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chines, Picture Frames. Vases, Brackets, etc., etc. Terms
janB7>r
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T EWERS ft COOKE,
Office—B3 Fort St. Yard —cor. King ami Merchant St>.
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K. J. I.OWKKV.
ianB7>r
Commission Merchants,
. -
CIETS OF THE FRIEND-
DEALER IN
& CHILDREN'S
& SLIPPERS,
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IMPORTER AND HKAI.KR IN
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janBa
PROVISIONS,
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•
Importer of
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CROCKERY ft HARDWARE.
Street, Honolulu.
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MAY & CO.,
98 FORT STOUT HONOLULU,
TEA DEALERS,
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PROVISION MERCHANTS.
ianSo,
IRON WORKS CO.,
HANl'l
At
II KKKs
UK
MACERATION TWO-ROLL MILLS,
With Patent Automatic Feed.
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Pans, Steam and Water Rptt, Btm and Irun Fittings of
New Goods received hy every vessel from the United all descriptions, etc.
States and Europe.. California Produce received by every
an87 yr
HONOLULU IRON WORKS CO.
janB7\r
Steamer.
CO.,
Corner Queen and Fort Streets,
j»n8 7yr
telephone No. 104.
T T WATERHOUSE,
No. 113 Kimi Street, (Way's block),
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NO.
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TJENRY
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.
1
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GROCERIES, PROVISIONS AND FEED. GENT'S, LADIES'
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East corner of Fort and King Streets.
janB7>-r
-
-
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Pork, etc., constantly on hand.
Shipping Supplied on Short Notice.
Fort Street, near corner of Hotel,
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janB7>r
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>. H. ROSE, Secretary
GEO. M. RAUPI',
IMPORTERS,
TJ
W. C. WILDER, President.
[ijanB-\'
St'Ct ESSUKS TO
AGRICULTURAL
HOU,"
Steamer "LEUHA,"
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AND
" KILAUEA
AND
For Ports on Han...kua Coast.
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PACIFIC
" MOKOLII,"
MtGRLGOK
SPRECKELS ft CO.,
....
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Command*
Weekly Trips for Hiloand Way Port*.
Transact a General Banking Business.
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CO.,
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SANDERS'
BAGGAGE EXPRESS
(M. N. Sandkrs, Proprietor.)
You will
always find on your arrival
THE
POPULAR MILLINERY
HOUSE.
104 Fort Street, Honolulu, H. I.
Proprietor.
Ready to DeliverPVeightand Bag- N. S. SACHS,
Direct Importer of
gage of Every Description
.
One set of Thk Friend in three volumes, from
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1852 to 1884, inclusive. A few sets from 1852,
With Promptness and Despatch.
unbound, can be procured on application to
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Both
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janB7yr
Office of The Friend.
juB7
Residence 118 Nuuanu Street.
juB7yr.
17 The Friend.
Thk Fniknu is puhlishcd the first day of each month, a Divergent Evolution Through CumulaHonolulu, H. I. Subscription rate TWO DOLLAH MM
tive Segregation.—Hy Rev. John Thomas
Gulick (Communicated by Alfred Russel Wal-
VKAR INVAKIAIHY IN ADVANCE.
All communicationsand letters connected with the literary
lace, F. L. S.) pp. 86.
department of the paper, Hooks and M MUiMI for Re
[Read 15th December, 1887.]
view and Exchanges should he addressed "Rkv. S. X
Bishoi', Honolulu, 11. 1."
[Extracted from the Linntan Society's Journal—Zoology.)
Business letters should l>e addressed "T. G. Turn M
The voucher of the eminent name of
Honolulu. H 1.
Wallace, justifies us in believing the
-
-
Editor above to be a work of great scientific
merit, as it is certainly one of profound
investigation and exhaustive study.
CONTENTS.
J'A'.F.
The author is a native of these islands,
Mis* At kerman
"7 and graduate of Oahu College, one of
Gulick's Cumulative Segregation
17
noted Gulick brothers, long a misA Noted Hawaiian Hymn
»7 the
18-20 sionary in China, and latterly in Japan.
Why Are the Hawaiians Dying Out?
31 Many years ago, he published in NaWhy Mauna Loa must be La Mesa
ai ture
Episcopacy
his studies of the varieties and
32
Monthly Record of Events
of Achatinella, which had been
species
m
Marine Journal, Etc
in the Konahuanui range of
evolved
Hawaiian Board
*3
Y. M. C A
24 Oahu, as illustrating and defining cercover tain laws of the Evolution of species.
Historcal and Statistical Chart
In the present work, he brings out the
matured fruit of his studies in the same
Miss Jessie A. Ackerman.
direction. The book is highly technical,
mastered by any
Our churches and people in Honolulu and could not easily be
who are not making a special study of
have been favored by the presence and the law of evolution. Few land-shells
addresses of this lady, who has tarried are more beautiful than the Oahu group
with us briefly, on her journey around from which Mr. Gulick has deduced his
the world, as a messenger or apostle of apparently important conclusions. Professor Henry dc Varigny (son of a forthe Woman's Christian Temperance mer Hawaiian Minister of Finance,) was
Union. Her presence is a bright and lately expecting to review Mr. Gulick's
forceful one, snd her addresses have book in the Revue Scientifique.
efficiently contributed to cheer and inA Noted Hawaiian Hymn.
spire her fellow-workers here, and to
which
are
they
the
cause
in
forward
One of the very earliest sacred hymns
toiling. A special interest has attended written the Hawaiian tongue, and the
in
Miss Ackerman, as coming fresh from one bestknown and most frequently sung
Alaska, which she seems to have thor- by
Hawaiians in the early years of
oughly canvassed, throughout its settle- Christianity here was the one beginning
ments and mission stations, as well as with the line
its tourist-haunts of mountain, fiord,
"He Akua Hemolele."
and glaciers. Alaska used to be quite
This hymn was written by Rev Wilneighborly to us in the old Russian
Ellis, about the year 1823. It was
liam
days—perhaps will become so again, in
the hymn sung by Kapiolani
probably
Pacific
trade.
Two
the evolution of
and
her
at the time of her heroic
followers
climate,
could
contrast
more
in
countries
scenery, or products, than Alaska and defiance of Pele at Kilauea near the end
Hawaii. That is a land of measureless of 1824. Its cheering notes kindled and
wealth in mine, forest and fishery, if nourished the Christian faith of many
lacking in orchard and grain-field; many thousands of Hawaiians in after years.
prodical sons have wandered thither of More than thirty years after he left
late, and many strong souls are toiling Hawaii, on January 21, 1857, Mr. Ellis
there, lit with the power of salvation for was voyaging from Mauritius to Englost men. To all these, our visitor's land, in the Indian Ocean, they fell in
presence must have brought light and with the wreck of the American whaler
Crappo. Only two survivors
cheer. The warm regard of Honolulu Henry
were found, the Captain and a Sandwich
Christians will follow Miss Ackerman Islander. They were nearly exhausted.
as she goes on her long and laborious Mr. Ellis addressed the native in his
own language, but received no reply.
way.
S. E. BISHOP,
NUMP.ER 3.
HONOLULU. H. 1., MARCH, 1889..
Volume 47.
He then repeated the first two lines of
his own hymn. The man's countenance
brightened, and when Mr. Ellis ceased
speaking, he took up the strain, repeating the remaining lines of the verse. He
also added the remaining verses of the
hymn, with evident satisfaction. So
did the bread cast upon the waters by
the Lord's servant, return to him after
many days.
We append this noted hymn with a
translation in the same metre, which is
moderately close.
He Akua hem«lele,
Ke Akua no kakou;
Maikai wale—hewa ole—
Pono loa—ola mau.
Nani wale ko lehova
Luli ole ka maikai;
Ahonui wale kela,
I ka hanai pono mai.
Oia no ka Haku muna;
0 na mea ilalu nei;
Nana kakou nei i hana.
Aole na ka lima a.
Pono hoi c pule aku
1 ka Haku o ke ao,
I ola kanaka iaia la,
I ola nui no kakou.
TRANSLATION.
God the Lord our King is holy,
Blessed God whom we adore.
Righteous, purely, sinless wholly,
He endureth evermore.
Glorious is our God Jehovah;
Changeless in his gracious lave;
Patient, tender is his favor,
Pouring mercies from above.
He the mighty Lord and Ruler
Of all things beneath the sun,
He is our Divine Creator;
We are from his hand alone.
Lord of Light our supplication
Hear, and scatter all our night.
Fill our souls with thy salvatiaa
Flood us with celestial light.
We have a new Celestial in the
Materials for a pudding.sauce
were given to him. "You sabbee make
this?" "I know; put wine in." "No,
no put wine in!" "Oh, all same missionary?" We were accurately classified!
kitchen.
M. Homer has been writing
and
spicy letters in the Daily
vigorous
of Prohibition.
on
behalf
Bulletin
Mr.
J.
Hawaii is yet a long way short of the
Prohibition stage on the subject of
Liquor Traffic. We have tarried in the
High License stage of the question for
forty years.
THE FRIEND.
18
[March, 1889.
Chinaman is vastly his inferior in strength, in stature, in
WHY ARE THE HAWAIIANS DYING OUT?
symmetry, and in apparent soundness. But the Chinaman
Elements of Disability for Survival Among the Hawaiian People. lives and propagates, while the Hawaiian dies easily, and
leaves few or no offspring. The Caucasian also comes with
By Rev. S. E. Bishop.
1888.1
Darwin
an
which
has
been
much
''Mr.
supplied
expression
in vogue, "The survival of the fittest." This is scarcely applicable in the present case, since in Hawaii nei there is no
competitive "struggle for existence" between weaker and
stronger races of men. The Hawaiian Islands have been
far more than sufficiently productive for the ample supply of
the needs of all the people living here since the beginning of
this century. So far all the different races have lived in
plenty, and in amity with each other. A crowded condition
might be conceived as possible in the future, when the thrifty
and capable classes would push the inefficient and improvident classes into penury. In such case, one would think
the Chinese to be the best fitted for the "struggle for existence," and the Polynesian the least fitted. The former inherits an education of hundreds of generations in living on
the minimum of necessaries, also an unequaled patience of
industry and tactful thriftiness for procuring those necessaries. The latter, thriftless and indolent in comparison,
would be crowded out of the land.
No such conditions exist. There is no struggle to find
subsistence. One race is as fit to survive as another, so far
as obtaining a living is concerned, in a country where the
wages of one day's unskilled labor will purchase all indispensable food and raiment for a whole week. Neither is
the climate of Hawaii less favorable to the health of one race
than to that of another. It is comparatively a perfect climate, absolutely devoid of extremes of temperature, free
from humidity, swept by the ever purging ocean airs, and
seemingly incapable of long harboring malarial or zymotic
diseases. Possibly an Esquimaux might not thrive here.
For all other races, it is an Eden in salubrity.
Yet it is the strange fact—in view of the amiable and attractive qualities of Polynesians, the distressingly sad fact
that simultaneously with the arrival of white men in these
islands, the Hawaiian people began rapidly to melt away,
and that this waste has continued up to the present with
substantial steadiness. At the date of the discovery, Captain Cook estimated the population at 400,000. Later historians have leaned to the more moderate estimate of 250,-000. My father who was one of the first party of white
men to travel around Hawaii in 1824, then observed such
evidences of recent extensive depopulation in all parts of
that island, that he very decidedly supported the estimate of
Cook. There are now less than 40,000 pure Hawaiians surviving. The later counts have been taken with reasonable
accuracy. One is led to suspect that the earlier ones omitted considerable numbers, when one observes the comparative sparseness of native population in every district, as compared with the relatively dense population fifty years ago,
when only 12.r),000 were counted, or little more than three
times the present number. With the exception of the
towns of Honolulu, Hilo, and Wailuku, every large and
populous town in the islands has dwindled to a hamlet since
my boyhood, and the then frequent and considerable hamlets scattered everywhere, have almost all disappeared. The
recollections of fifty years since are of throngs and swarms
of natives everywhere. Yet even then all the talk was of
how the islands had become depopulated; even then, in
travelling, the deserted sites of villages and hamlets
with abandoned plantations were constantly pointed out.
Have we now one in six of the ancient numbers of natives,
or have we only one in ten? It is immaterial; the fact remains of an enormous depopulation.
And yet, in the totalabsence ofany struggle for existence,
all the more or less civilized races migrating here, appear to
thrive and multiply abundantly, and the children surpass
their parents in health and in stature. At first sight, these
foreigners do not average as equal to. the Hawaiian. The
[Read to Honolulu Social
Science Association, Noveinliei,
—
his family and multiplies amain.
The query then is, under what peculiar disabilities does
the Hawaiian labor, as to vitality and power of propagation,
from which the foreign races living here, are exempt? This
inquiry is farther complicated by the fact that these disabilities, whatever they are, seem to have first sprung into efficiency upon contact with the white race. The coming of
that race appears to have introduced new deleterious influence, and created new conditions, under which the Polynesian, somewhere weak, succumbs. We are to seek to clearly
define what these unfavorable conditions are, and wherein
the weakness of the native race to withstand these adverse
influences, consists./
I here limit our inquiry to the Hawaiians, because with
this people only do we possess any intimate acquaintance.
A similar state of things prevails more or less throughout
Polynesia, and ultimate extinction appears to threaten the
native population of most of the groups of Polynesia. We
are to endeavor to define the precise causes of depopulation. We should strive to indicate exactly what adverse influences have been steadily at work for five generations to kill
off the Hawaiian people. There has been a great deal of
vague generalization—of indefinite talk about a weak race
succumbing to the stronger. We want to quit vagueness
and generalities, and find the answer to the question, "In
what respects, particularly and precisely, are the Hawaiian
people weaker than their white, or their Mongoloid guests?"
This will prepare us for the further inquiry, by what means
can this weak race be so invigorated that it will again multiply? Our first effort—perchance unskilled and misdirected,
is to diagnose the deadly malady which is slaying the people.
•'As the leading and most efficient element of weakness in
the Hawaiian race, tending to physical decay, we predicate:
1. Unchastity. This has always been general among
females as well as males. The Hawaiian female was, like
males of other races, aggressive in solicitation. It was
matter of good form that all proposals should be expressed
by the female. It is still so, except to the extent that foreign ideas have permeated society. The records of Cook's
discovery of the group indicate that state of things as originally existing. The account written by Dr. Ellis, Cook's
chief surgeon, states how at Kauai where they first touched,
Captain Cook was determined, on account of serious disease among his men, to permit no intercourse with the women so as not to introduce disease among the Hawaiians.
It was, however, impracticable to prevent the women from
swarming over the ships. The native account received from
participants by the early missionaries, states that it was arranged in public council that the women should take this
course, as the easiest way of obtaining iron and other prized
articles from the ships.
Proceeding from Niihau to Alaska, and returning nine
months later, Cook's ships made the coast of Hamakua, Hawaii. He again sought to keep the women from his crew,
but discovered that they were already infected with the malady. So promiscuous were the habits of the people, that
from the first center of infection at Waimea, the malady had
in nine months, spread like a fire to the other extremity of the
group. This again, is corroborated by the information obtained by the early missionaries as to the spread of the disease. Dr. Ellis describes in words undesirable to here reproduce the grossly aggressive and impetuous action of the
females.
It was the universal practice of ordinary hospitality to
visitors, to supply them during their sojourn, with the
women of the family. Such a matter-of-course tender was
a frequent cause of annoyance to the early missionaries in
their tours in remoter districts, enjoying the cordial hospitality of the most well to-do people in their neat thatched
cottages. lam not prepared t say how far this heathen
Volume 47, No. 3.]
19
THE FRIEND.
custom has now lapsed into disuse. It is certainly one of
the old customs sought to be maintained and revived to-
gether with the hulas and idolatrous practices. One of the
painful experiences of missionaries in the out-districts, was
to hear of this practice being carried out in the chief households of his parish when some great man came along with
his suite. I speak from repeated personal experience as a
missionary pastor.
It may be said in general that chastity had absolutely no
recognition. It was simply a thing unknown and unthought
of as a virtue in the old domestic life of Hawaii. * A woman
who withheld herself was counted sour and ungracious.
This did not exclude more or less of marital proprietorship,
involving an invasion of the husband's right in enjoying his
property without his consent. There was no impurity in it,
any more than among brute animals.
There was, however, a salutary limitation of some importance in a frequent stringent guarding of early virginity.
Young maidens were quite commonly put under tabu for
first use by the chief, after possession by whom all restriction ceased. No sense of a sacredness in chastity seems to
have been involved in this, nor any sense of profanation in
the contrary. It was only the thought of a special choiceness in an article that was fresh and unused. In the tremendous disturbances of life ensuing upon the advent of the
white man, even this solitary restriction perished.
No severe moral reprobation is due to the primitive Hawaiian for what seems to have been an ignorant innocence
of easy, promiscuous living, like the free life of animals,
without sense of evil. None the less must we deem this
social condition more than any other to have incapacitated
the Hawaiians from holding their own after the advent of
the white man. During the simplicity of aboriginal life, and
in the total absence of sexual diseases, the evils resulting
from promiscuous intercourse would be minimized. Procreative force remained largely in excess of mortality, so
that the teeming population was kept down by infanticide.
But to the malady which the white man imported, the unguarded social condition was as tow to the flame. The
scorching and withering disease ran like wildfire through the
nation. Multitudes died at once, while the survivors remained with poisoned bodies and enfeebled constitutions.
A general impairment of constitutional vigor in the people
by venereal disease caused them to fall early victims to other
maladies, both native and foreign. All diseases ran riot in
their shattered constitutions. They became especially incapacitated to resist pulmonary maladies. The greatly increased prevalence of colds and consumption is doubtless
due to this syphilitic diathesis, rather than to change of
habits as to clothing, although the latter may have had some
unfavorable effect. Probably the pestilence called Okuu,
whatever its nature, which carried off such a bulk of the
population in 1804, owed most of its virulence to the impaired physique of the people.
Another destructive effect of the syphilitic taint is believed
to have been an inflaming of sexual passion. It may have
acted as a ferment thrown into the former more quiet pool
of promiscuous social living. There can be no doubt that
the advent of foreigners in large numbers was attended by
an immense increase of debased and bestial living. Ten
thousand reckless seamen of the whaling fleet annually frequented these islands and used it as their great brothel.
This enormously aggravated and inflamed the. normal unchastity of the people. In the presence'of the white hordes
life became hideously brutalized. To multitudes of young
women, gathered into the seaports for profit, from half the
households in the country, life became a continuous orgie of
beastly excess. All the former slender limitations and restrictions upon an indiscriminate commerce fell to pieces.
The stormy and reckless passion of the white man, exulting
in his unwonted license, imparted itself to the warm but
sluggish Hawaiian nature. Life became a wasteful riot of
impurity, propagated from the seaports to the end of the
land. There was thus no defense against the new and try-
ing conditions of life through any existing sentiment of the
sacredness of chastity. The inevitable consequence was depopulation. The population of brothels and slums has no
internal power of multiplying^
In the Report on the subject of Purity adopted by the 144
Bishops convened in the late Pan-Anglican Conference at
Lambeth Palace, are the following words; "W« solemnly
record our conviction that wherever marriage is dishonored,
and sins of the flesh are lightly regarded, the home life will
be destroyed, and the nation itself will sooner or later, decay
and perish." The source of this language will lend it great
weight. The Hawaiian nation is a sad witness to their
truth.
'One of the most destructive consequent'*n of the new physical taint was the enfeeblement of int. ncy, rendering it
difficult for the diseased babes to survive Hie ignorant and
careless dealing of their nurses. The largest increase in the
mortality of the Hawaiians was undoubtedly among their
infants. The external influences adverse to infant survival
among Hawaiians are very great. Chief among these are
the practice of feeding with unsuitable nutriment in early
infancy, the prevalence of unchecked cutaneous maladies,
general lack of watchful care, and evil doses administered
by ignorant or superstitious friends. Healthy and vigorous
infants, as of the old times, would in good numbers, survive all
these hostile conditions. Those born into the taint of syphilis, with its inward and outward corrosions, had little prospect of surviving other maltreatments, unless some missionary or other beneficent foreigner came to their aid with
his simple regimen and alleviations.
Under this general head of Unchastity, as the chief cause
of the depletion of the race, a considerable share must be attributed to the extensive loss of procreative power in the
males. This loss was probably due in part to syphilitic
taint, but is mainly owing to early sexual excess during
puberty. In the aboriginal condition, there would seem
to have been less tendency to very early indulgence among
the males. The nervous irritations of the syphilitic taint,
and the exciting excesses pervading native society, may
have been causes extending debauching influences even to
the children. It is certain' that in many districts, deplorable excesses have been found to exist among the school
children. It seems to be true that a majority of young Hawaiian men never have children. Those placed early under
the discipline of foreigners, in boarding schools or otherwise
show exceptions to the common rule. The incapacity
seems to be mainly on the part of the males. Young
women united to Chinamen or white men are usually quite
as fruitful as women of other races. Per contra, it is to be
noted that such men are apt to select the best conditioned
females, also that they are accustomed to restrain and to
protect their wives, as Hawaiians do not, and so keep them
in healthier condition.
The common record of Hawaiian families is, few ornochildren born, or perhaps several born, most or all of whom die in
infancy. It is exceedinglyraretofind alargefamily surviving to
adultage. Nearly all such that I have known were families underthe immediateand veryparental control of some missionary,
with whom the parents had lived from early youth, learning
habits of industry, self-control, and civilized domestic living.
They were themselves kept in vigor and health, their children were well cared for, and well doctored in sickness.
Natives so situated very frequently not only raised large
families, but by means of their superior industry, skill and
thrift, acquired considerable substance. Being thereby
placed in a high social rank among their countrymen, it has
too commonly resulted, that most of their children became
dissolute, like the children of the wealthy elsewhere, and the
family failed to be continued.
Among other disastrous effects of the universal syphilitic
taint was the frequency of miscarriages. It has been the
testimony of missionaries and physicians, that a very considerable proportion of native births have been prevented by
that cause. In my inquiries in native households, this has
'
20
THE FRIEND
been assigned as frequently as any other, as the cause of
the absence of children. To make such inquiries is indeed
melancholy. One becomes glad to hear that even one or
two children are surviving in a household.
Abortion is often attributed to active horseback exercise
during pregnancy. As native females used to be continually galloping about, no doubt this has contributed to
the evil since 1850, when the common people began generally to possess horses. With the development of good
roads, wheels are now coming into very common use by all
classes.
2. Drunkenness. This should be assigned to no inconsiderable place among disabling conditions. Before the haole
arrived, the favorite narcotic was awa (piper methysticum)
more commonly known throughout Oceanica as kava. A
beer of some strength was made by fermenting sweet potato. The sirupy Ki-root (Draccena Ti) was also macerated
and fermented, becoming still more alcoholic than the potato. This was less acceptable, tending to produce irascibility, while the sour potato swill only inflamed sexuality. No
great orgugs of drunkenness resulted from the use of any of
the foregoing. The vice existed only in mild forms. Awa
in excess tended to waste and paralyze the system.
With the foreigner came the products of the still. Only
then did drunkenness begin to reign. Drunken orgies
were an essential part of the beach-comber's paradise on
Hawaiian shores. He found the Hawaiian an apt disciple,
save that like all savages, he did not know how to stop.
The story of the early missionaries is one of constant impediment in their labors from the inebriety of the King and
Chiefs, and of frequent annoyance and disturbance from the
riotous orgies of the common people. While Kamehameha
lived, he put considerable check upon both his people and
himself as to temperance. His youthful successor, Liholiho, plunged, with his people, into a carnival of excess.
The contribution of drunkenness to depopulation was
mainly indirect, although powerful. It tended to overturn
and destroy whatever remains of wholesome social order
and domestic life survived the general wreck consequent upon foreign intercourse. It stimulated the passions; it solved
the remaining bonds of self-restraint; it flung prudence to
the winds; thus it enhanced the effectiveness of the causes
previously described. Intemperance is always a chief ally
of impurity. The gin-mill and the brothel are close partners.
3. Oppression by the Chiefs. There was a considerable
mortality during the first quarter of this century, when the
Sandal wood trade was active, caused by the heavy exactions of the King and Chiefs upon the common people to
procure this precious commodity, wherewith to liquidate
their immense debts to the traders, incurred for yachts and
costly luxuries. Great numbers of men were driven into the
mountains upon this errand, passing many nights in cold
and rain with slight protection and little food. The result
was great waste of life, and the almost entire extirpation of the
precious tree. Other severe exactions of labor were common.
Great levies of labor and supplies were frequently made at a
chiefs caprice from the tenants of remote estates, to be
brought to the island capital. This was an evil much increased by the temptations of foreign trade. No doubt it
materially contributed to the decimation of the people. Oppression by Chiefs has ceased to be an operative cause for
nearly half a century, or since Constitutional government
began to exist.
4. Infectious and Epidemic Diseases. These have largely
added to" the destruction of the population. There seems to
be good reason for accepting the theory that new diseases
attack with more severity and greater fatality races who are
unaccustomed to them or to their like. No doubt any race
becomes in time somewhat hardened to the diseases which
infest it, the weaker and more susceptible individuals being
weeded out, and the hardier ones transmitting their resisting
power to descendants.
Measles first appeared here in 1849. Great numbers died
[March, 1889.
in all parts of the group. The excess of mortality was attributed to the patients' bathing in order to alleviate the external heat and irritation of the malady.
Small-pox first arrived in 1853. Before vaccination could
be efficiently administered to the natives, the- infection had
spread over the Island of Oahu, and one-half, or 15,000 of
the people on that island perished in a few weeks. After
their manner, they rushed to visit their friends when attacked by the disease. Isolation and precaution against infection is foreign to their natures. By the energy of the then
"missionary" government quarantine measures were vigorously enforced on the other islands, and the people thoroughly vaccinated, so that only a few hundred deaths occurred. Foreigners were all promptly vaccinated, and nearly
all escaped.
Malarial and other epidemics have been repeatedly introduced, and from time to time have produced extensive mortality among, the natives. The admirable climate, with its
sea-air and the ozone of the mountain land-breezes, seemed
in each case rapidly to mitigate the virulence with which
earlier cases of the new malady would be characterized,
later cases assuming milder forms, until the disease seemed
to slowly die out. This was very marked in the instance of
what was known as the " 800-hoo" fever, which attacked
all newly arrived foreigners. It was quite severe at its first
appearance in 1851, but by 1857 had become a very trifling
malady.
Leprosy has been something of a scourge. Probably
4,000 lepers have died in these islands during the past thirty
years. The number at present suffering from the disease
cannot be more than 1,500, or four per cent, of the native
population. For more than a year, or since the end of 1887,
there has been a radical improvement in the work of segregating the lepers. There seems reason to believe that soon,
nearly every leper will have been removed to the excellent
asylum at Molokai. The lepers are nearly all natives. The
disease very rarely appears among the white or the Mongoloid races living here, owing to their carefully avoiding intercourse with lepers. Hawaiians, on the contrary, mingle
freely with lepers, in the most intimate daily intercourse.
They commonly regard the segregation of their leprous relatives'as a cruel and uncalled for severity. This is only
one illustration of the habitual indifference of this people to
sanitation, whether in physics or in morals.
Indeed the idea of disease being a product of natural agencies, and a thing to be averted by physical preventives,
seems to be one quite foreign to the Hawaiian's mind, and
contrary to his mode of thought. In common with other
uncivilized races the world over, they were accustomed to
attribute all diseases to the immediate agency of some personal demon, who enters the patient and malignantly distresses and destroys him. This brings us to another, and
one of the most destructive of the agencies contributing to
the diminution of the Hawaiian people.
5. Kahunas and Sorcery. The kahuna is the medicine
man. He is properly a sorcerer or wizard, whose chief reliance for the relief of disease is the employment of supernatural agencies, although he will also perhaps use drugs
and hygienic treatment. From ancient times these men
and their arts have been powerful agencies of death, although not seldom effecting a species of faith cure."
When a Hawaiian is ill, his superstitious relatives and
friends immediately seek to persuade him that his sickness
is owing to the malign presence of some demon, who must
either be propitiated or expelled by force. Some kahuna is
called in to accomplish this object. He is believed to enjoy
special power with some patron demon, who may be the
one needing to be propitiated, or whose agency may be
called in to expel and overcome the perhaps less powerful
agent of the disease. H one kahuna proves insufficient to
the task, others must be found who possess the special influence needed. The processes employed are always expensive to the patient, and very commonly quite severe.
(To be Continued.)
"
Volume 47, No. 3.]
Why Mauna Loa Must be La Mesa.
Students oi Hawaiian history are
aware that both Spanish and native
evidence point to a discovery of the Hawaiian group by Spanish navigators in
the sixteenth century. The native evidence is to the effect that white people
landed from a wrecked ship at a place
called Kulou in Kona, Hawaii, in the
time of Kealuokaloa, who must have
lived early in the sixteenth century. The
particulars of the native tradition are
found in Fornander's History,,Vol. 11,
p.p. 106-110. The Spanish charts of the
sixteenth!'century locate a group of islands in approximately the position of
the Hawaiian group. The largest of these
named La Mesa. A copy of such a
Spanish chart may be seen in a folio
edition of La Perouse's Voyage, in the
public library.
La Mesa, or the Tabic, is the conventional Spanish term for a level and elevated district, very commonly bounded
by precipices. It has generally been
thought to have been applied by the
Spanish navigators to Mauna Loa as
being a very broad and flat mountain.
But the question arises, is the name
La Mesa or high table land, one so
corresponding to the aspect presented
by Hawaii to navigators passing by it,
that they would naturally apply it to
that island?
It certainly must be said that the appearance of Hawaii, as seen from the
directions of north, northwest, and east,
with which' residents here are most familiar, by no means is that of a tableland.
It exhibits a series of very lofty mountains, the most distant one of which, is
also of great lateral extension, and uniformity of surface. It is, however, a
long low dome, rather than a table
mountain, and is quite overshadowed
by the majesty of the nearer Mauna
.Kea. It is plainly seen to have a distinctly ascending grade clear to the
summit.
It is known, however, that the habitual route of the Spanish ships across
the Pacific, was at a considerably lower
latitude than that of Hawaii, and that
their chance approach to that island
would naturally have been upon the
south. It is therefore the southern aspect of the island that should be studied,
in considering the applicability to it of
the name La Mesa. On the south side
of Hawaii, Mauna Loa is the only
mountain seen, and we wish to point
out the fact, which we do not think has
been hitherto noticed, that by a certain
peculiar contour upon its southern side,
this mountain does actually present in
perspective, the semblance of a great
table land.
This peculiarity of contour consists in
the existence of two great shoulders
upon the E.S.E. and S.S.W. sides of
Mauna Loa. The eastern one forms the
great Kilauea plateau, which leaves the
general slope of the great mountain at a
21
THE FRIEND.
height of over 4,000 feet and with a very
slight incline, quite flat to the eye, extends some ten miles to the sea, ending
abruptly in the precipices above the Puna
coast. The other great shoulder of Mauna Loa is that of Kahuku, which is also
very nearly a plateau of some 0,0(1(1 feet
in height. It runs out into the long
southern extension of the island. On the
south-east, as seen from Punaluu, it
shows a precipitous front several miles
back in the interior. These two shoulders or wings give to Mauna Loa a
crescent-like contour towards the southeast. They also produce the deep bay of
the south-east coast of the island, the
head of which is at Punaluu.
It is these two shoulders of the mountain with their precipitous fronts, seen
with the main summit somewhat in the
background, which in perspective present very precisely the aspect of an extended table land, as observed from vessels running down the coast from the
eastward. The Spanish mariner we suppose to have first made the Puna coast.
He first sees the great Kilauea plateau,
with the low dome of Mouna Loa far in
the rear, if seen at all. Passing Keauhou, Mauna Loa emerges fully into
view, but as if a mere continuation inland of the Kilauea table, its actual
height, as seen in perspective, escaping
notice. Beyond the summit again, as
the ship rapidly runs down with the
trades, the Kahuku wing of the crescent
comes to the front. The summit is still
in the background, its actual height unappreciated ; the Kahuku shoulder seems
but a continuation of one great plateau,
of which the Mauna Loa summit seems
to form the smooth level center. Although the distant center of the crescent
is thrice the height of the nearer wings,
yet as seen in perspective by an uninstructed eye, it would quite naturally be
taken as but part of a table land of uniform height. This effect would be the
more likely to be produced, since the first
impression of a table land would have
been so strongly given in approaching
the Kilauea plateau from the east.
It seems to us that much account
should also be made of the very exceptionally smooth contours of Hawaii.
High tropical islands almost universally
present an aspect of serrated pinnacles
and ridges, the effect of long continued
atmospheric erosion. Hawaii and especially Mauna Loa has not yet experienced such erosion. Mauna Loa is a
virgin mountain, only just emerged from
Earth's fiery womb, her smooth form as
yet unwrinkled and unscarred by the
tempests of ages.- Such smooth, low
mountain forms as those of southern
Hawaii are seen nowhere else in the
Pacific Ocean, or upon the adjacent
continents. Their aspect must have
been a strange one to the voyaging
Spaniards. They would give it a strange
and peculiar name. We seem certainly
justified in claiming the name La Mesa
as belonging to Hawaii, because it is
distinctively characteristic of its southern perspective, and because it is absolutely inapplicable to any other island
in the Pacific Ocean. Does not then
the name La Mesa, identify the island
of Hawaii beyond a doubt? We have
shown it to fit perfectly the superficial
aspect of that island as seen from the
southeast; and it could never have been
suggested by any other land in this
ocean.
Episcopacy.
Our excellent brethren of the Anglican
communion find some of themselves in
a serious antagonism with their very devout and zealous Bishop.
A portion of
the facts are stated in the Anglican
Church Chronicle. We cordially wish
them a satisfactory issue from their difficulties, both in friendly regard to themselves and that their very needful spiritual force in the city and the land may
not be obstructed. At the same time we
are not rendered any the less content
with our own democratic church polity,
under which a difficulty like theirs could
not
arise.
In civil affairs here, autocratic assumptions and arbitrary proceedings have of
late come to be at a considerable discount. The same tendency is inevitable
in ecclesiastical matters. In all communities where intelligence is increasing
and character enlarging, there becomes
less and less use for one-man control,
either in state or church. Whatever authority may nominally be held by any
functionary, the actual exercise thereof
must, necessarily be adjusted to this patent fact, that intelligence and character
do not fit themselves under arbitrary
control. Either the monarch is content
to become such only in name, or else he
and his office disappear together from the
scene. A function that was useful and
even indispensable in barbarous social
conditions, becomes useless and impracticable with developed christian civilization.
Monthly Record of Events.
Feb. Ist.—Rainfall for January only
.86 of an inch.
2d.—Arrival U. S. S. Vandalia from
San Francisco en route for Samoa. —Final rendition of Patience to as crowded
a house as ever. The three performances
realized $1,358.52 gross.
4th.—Second auction sale of Crown
Land Leases, fifteen year terms, mostly on Oahu, adding $2,197 per annum to
the royal revenue.
6th.—Arrival of the steamer Australia
from San Francisco with a goodly passenger list, including Miss Ackerman
the Temperance lecturer, and the Campobello Operatic Concert Co.—Superintendent Wilson of the Water Works
puts his patrons on short allowance,
owing to the usual rains having forgotten Honolulu this winter.
22
[March, 1889
THE FRIEND.
7th.—The Vandalia departs for Samoa Convention with the United States, to
to be ready for emergencies in case the commence operations March Ist.
physicians get worse in the treatment
10th.
of their patient.
Bth.—Arrival of S. S. Mariposa from
the Colonies en route for San Francisco,
with report of war cloud thickening over
Samoa. Special Correspondent Kleir a
through passenger, with important dispatches.
9th.—Departure of the Conquest and
Hyacinth for other scenes, Blue Ribbon entertainment, at Y. M. C. A. Hall
with lecture by Miss Ackerman drew a
very large audience.
10th.—Miss Ackerman delivered the
evening address at Central Union Church
to a crowded and attentive audience.
11th. —Gasoline explosion at the
Beaver Saloon, with fatal results; alarm
of fire sounded, but the flames were extinguished with but slight damage to
premises. Eugene Zoetl, a German,
aged about twenty-five years, and two
Chinese were so badly burned that
death ensued in from eight to twenty
hours. Mr. H. J. Nolte,*the proprietor,
was severely burned on the head, face
and hands; also two others more or
less severely and one other slightly injured.—Kona weather indications with
rain.
12th.—A cold rain ushers in Accession
Day.—Government Holiday and annual
parade day of the Fire Department.
Being steamer day few houses closed.
—Steamer Australia for San Francisco
takes a goodly passenger and freight
list, including Hawaii's tribute to the
Paris Exposition.—Engine Co. No. 2,
at their banquet, "watch" their retiring
treasurer, H. Smith, in the shape of a
—
$125 Waltham.
13th.—Through Miss Ackerman, a
branch society of the V's organize for
aiding the temperance work in these
islands.
15th.—Arrival of five vessel* from
San Francisco, four reporting passages
from seventeen to nineteen days. —Farewell temperance address by Miss Ackerman.—Hawaiian Camera Club perfects
its organization.
16th.—Joe Keau, a native employed
at the Marine Railway falls from the top
of the cradle and is instantly killed.—E.
G. Schuman's cottage at Waikiki destroyed by fire.
17th.—A day of accidents; a runaway
horse knocks over and severely injures
two persons and collides with a lamp
post, demolishing it and the carriage.—
Boat building shop of E. R. Ryan, on
Esplanade, and contents entirely consumed by fire.
18th.—Steamer Alameda arrives from
San Francisco, en route for the Colonies,
two days behind through delayed mails.
Quite a party of tourists come to "do" the
islands.— Receipt of the Parcels Post
—Thermometer registered 55"
this a.m., said to be the lowest of the
season.
22d.—George Washington's birthday
observed by a liberal display of bunting
throughout the town and among the
shipping.—A locomotive makes a satisfactory trial trip on the King street tramway.
Execution day of Ahopa,
25th.
Chinaman; respite granted till March sth.
2fith.—The Kimui takes a large party
of thirty or more for the volcano.
27th.—On the petition of Ahopa, sentenced to be hung, for commutation of
sentence the Privy Council declines to
interfere with the decision of the Court.
—
Marine
Journal.
PORT OF HONOLULU.—FEBRUARY.
AJIItIVALS.
Am wh bk Northern Light, Simmonds, 30 days from
Maria Islands.
days from San
I--U S H Vandalia, Schoonmaker,
Francisco.
ft Haw S S Australia, Houdlette, 7% days from San
Francisco.
7 -Am bk Alex McNeil, Friis, 62 days from Sydney.
Haw hk W B Codfrey, Dabel, 19 days from San
Francisco.
I Am S S Mariposa, Hayward, 11 days from the Colonies.
Brit bk Don Adolfo. Moorhead, 58 days from Newcastle.
days from Newcastle.
10 Am bktne Wrestler, Cook*,
Haw schr Jennie Walker, Anderson, 21 days from San
KraiH taoo.
it
Am hk John I> Brewer, Josselyn, 135 days from
Boston.
13—Am bk Ivy, Caron, 180 days from New York.
15 Am bktne W H Dimond, Drrw, 18% days from San
Franci-r...
Am bktne S N Castle, Hubbard, 17 days from San
Francisco.
Am bktne Discovery, McNeil, 17 days from San Francisco.
Am hk Alden Besse, Cousins, 19 days from San Francisco.
days from San FranAm wh hk Helen Mars, Ellis,
cisco.
Am
days
bk
from
Mexico.
Coluso,
Backus,
in
21
18—Am S S Alameda, Morse, 6% days from San Fran-
i
cisco.
PASSENGERS.
ARRIVALS.
From San Francisco, per S S Australia, Feb 6—W G
Irwin, wife, child, and nurse, G W Baldwin, J G Spencer,
wife, and son, Capt W Kllis, Sig Y. Campobello and wife,
Fellix Olleri, Mrs II Berber and son, Mis* J Ackerman, C
W llMfariMW, Mrs X Macfarlane, Mrs Ripley, J W
Perry, M I I'l.tvi
wife, and son, F Metcalf, C W Merrill,
H J Hark, N (J Ulockwarc, Mrs J Karnsworth and son, A
Jaeger and wife, Mrs C I. Wight, J W Bruce, A Rick E
Van Arnswalt, J T Cross and wife, Mrs A A Pratt, J W
Rolwy, G \V Rolwy, and 13 steerage
From Sydney, per bark Alex McNei!, Feb 7—Misses
Mary and I;Win he Kriis and Mrs Mooney.
From the Colonies, per S S Mariposa, Feb B—The Wll*
son ACameron Troupe (11), Mr Cotterell, Thomas Wall, C
Hinckley, Robert Campbell, and 118 in transit.
From San Francisco", per bktne W H Dimond, Feb t$
R \V Aiulc-tsori, B A Lundrv, and Wm Hum.
From S.tn Francisco, per RMS S Alameda, Feb 18—
M Adelsdorfei, B H Allen ami wife, W T Brigham, Mrs
Coil and maid, Miss M F Gushing, Mrs F E Katon and
cihld, I R Foster and wife, O Goldsmith and wife, Miss M
S Griffin, A Haas, C \V Ham and wife, F S Hebbard, R E
Hilliard .mil wife, ) I) King, wife, and son, S C King, Geo
W Madariana, Miss Mahon, H R Merrill, C H Merrill,
Saii.'l Mawhinney, I>r P A Morrow, R W McChesney, A
Page and Wife, A W I'arkei, Miss Parks, J C Parcher, H
A Pannalee, W H I'uivis, wifeami maid, R W Purvis, H
P Ray, J S Kkhaids ami wife, Claus Sprockets wife and ■*
servants, Miss SpreekaU, Mrs A M Tufts, Miss Tufts, W
Van Devanter, A Wansey, Wm Whitehead. J D Wide, W
W Bruiier, J I) Finery, H C I.yon, 16.steerage, and 75
passengers in transit.
From San Francisco, per hark Ceylon, Feb 53—C H
Furguson, Mrs R McEntce and Walter F McEntee.
From Newcastle, par hark Kdmund Phinney, Feb 27
J Richardson and wile.
,
—
—
I>l- I'ARTI KES,
Far San Francisco, per bktne Planter, Feb 5—J H Luce
For San Francisco, per S S Mariposa, Feb 9—W H Mo
Henry, John J Mcllenry, I)r M Grossman, Capt Graham,
wifeand chili, Mrs .1 H Chapman, W I) West, AAschiem,
J D Tucker, and M Green
For- San Francisco, per S S Australia, Feb 12— G W
Roby, J H Roby, X W Metcalf, C W Merrill, H J Parke,
A Young and wife, J A Lowe, M Postlethwaite, Geo H
Dole, Miss A Chapin, H R Hitchcock. Mrs J I Dowsett,
Isaac Damon, Mrs dc Hnttville, Miss E
Rev I
11, Walter Dillingham. Mr Crocker, Mr Cameron,
wife and child, Mr Fllaon, wife and child, Donaldson Bros,
J W Wilson, Meyertin and daughter, A Turton, Miss L
Mayer, J R Raher, wifeand child, and 79 steerage p.issetigers.
For San Francisco, per bark S C Allen, Feb 18—J F
Rabcr, wife and child., A B Case, J A Devin, and Silas H
Duncan.
For the Colonies, per R M S S Alameda, Feb 18 -Miss
Fataia A Ackerman, Miss E F, Hines, I, Field and wife, T
W Brown, Mr- M Brown, J W Perry, X G Blackmore,
mothers, And 75 passengers 111 transit.
For San Francisco, per bark W B Godfrey, Feb 26—F
Kuppe.
—
For San Francisco, per hktue W H Dimond, Feb 27
Wm Woolham, Win Horn, H Kastedc, wife and three
children.
For Hongkong, per bark Kalakaua, Feb 27—John Bowler, and 43 Chinese.
BIRTHS.
22—Am bktne Klikitat, Cutler, 30 days from Port Town- lie LEAN At Makawao, Maui, February Bth, to the wife
send.
of Geo. T. McLean, a daughter.
23—Am bk Ceylon, Calhoun, 16 days from San Francisco.
Hesper,
Ryder,
days
bk
from
Newcastle.
Am
56
MARRIAGES.
27—Am bk Edmund Phinney, Young, 67 days from Newcastle.
BRANCH-NOTT In this city, February 21st, at the
28 —Am wli brig Alexander, •}% months from New Bedford.
residence of the bride's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Jno. Nott,
days from a cruise.
Oscar Branch to Miss Caroline Nott.
Am wh hk No<thern Light,
DECOTF.-HORNER—In Lahaina, February 22nd, at
residence of the bribe's parents, Mr. and Mrs. W. Y.
DEPAKTUKES.
Homer, by Rev. W. H. Barnes, W. L. Decate to Miss
Sarah Homer.
Gray.
s:hr
for
the
—Am
wh
Kelley,
Jane
Arctic.
i
2—Am wh bk Northern Light, Simmons, for theArctic.
DEATHS.
3 Brit Yacht Nyan/a, Holland, for San Francisco.
STIRLING At Ashford. Krnt, Fngland, January 6th,
s—Am—
5 Am bk CO Whitmore, Ward, for San Francisco*
Stirling,
a Privy Councillor of the KingHon. Robert
Am bktne Planter, Penhallow, for San Francisco.
dom, aged about 60 years.
7—U S S Vaudalia, Schoonmaker, for Samoa.
TUCKKR In San Francisco, January 20th, Henriettas.
9—H BM S Hyacinth, Oxley, for Hongkong.
Tucker, mother of Jo-mua D. Tucker of this city, a naAm S S Mariposa, Hayward, for San Francisco.
tive of Kastport, Me., aged 66 years, 7 months and 22
ii —Am bktne S G Wilder, Paul, for Sin Francisco.
days.
12—Haw S S Australia, Houdlctte, for San Francisco.
Brit bk Dunscore, Hind, for Portland.
PHILLIPS In San Francisco, January 25th, Michael
13 —Am bktne Skagit, Robinson, for San Francisco.
Phillips, aged 55 rears, a native of Schwerseng, Prussia,
14—Am Yacht Casco, Ottis, for San Francisco.
and head of the firm of M. Phillips & Co., of the above
15 —Am bk S C Allen, Thompson, for San Francisco.
city and Honolulu.
16—Haw schr Jennie Walker, Anderson, for Gilbert Is.
ALLEN—In Honolulu, February sth, Emma, beloved
18—AmS S Alauwda, Morse, for the Colonies.
wife of William Allen and daughter of the lata
20—H B M S Cormorant, NicoUs, for Kauai.
W. Jarrett, aged 33 years.
21—«Am schr Robt Searles, Pittz, for San Francisco.
Mary
Dyrebourg,
bktne
San
Winkelman,
for
Am
ZOL"TL—In this city, February 12th, Eugene Zoetl, a naFrancisco.
tive of Get many, aged about 25 years.
22 —U S S Alert, Green, for thr Windward Islands.
VERNON—In this city, February 15th, Mrs. Elizabeth
25—80l bk Don Adolfo, Moorhead, for Puget Sound,
Rebecca Vernon, a native of Coventry, England; aged 78
Am bk John D Brewer, fosselyn, for Manila.
years and 1 month.
26 —Haw bk W B Godfrey, Dabcl, for San Francisco.
Kapaa, Kauai, February 18th, Nellie,
bktne
for
Dimond,
W
San
Francisco.
BLAISDELL—At
Drew,
27—Am
H
only daughter of William and C. A. Blaisdell, aged 10
Am bktne Discovery, Mc Neil, for San Francisco.
years, 1 month 28 days.
Haw bk Kalakaua, Duncan, for Hongkong.
Volume 47, No. 3.]
HAWAIIAN B0A&B.
HONOLULU H. I.
This page is devoted to the interests of the Hawaiian
Board of Mission?., and the Editor, appointed by the
Board is responsible forits contents.
Rev. O. P. Emerson,
23
THE FRIEND.
-
Editor.
In entering upon his duties the editor
of this page of The Friend finds himself in a receptive mood, and consequently somewhat uncommunicative. So
cular letter will meet with a kindly response.
Hawaiian Board,
Honolulu, Feb. 14th, 1880.
Dear Sir:—The Board of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association through its
Secretary and Treasurer, begs to present the following statement for your
earnest consideration as a friend of the
work it is engaged in doing among the
churches and people of the Hawaiian
Islands. We are now entering upon
the second quarter-century of our work;
we see before us a great opportunity,
and are resolved to improve it. The
needs of the hour and the strategic importance of the situation constrain us to
appeal to you for the means toward a
better equipment for this great enter-
Rooms
of the
far he has indulged in but glimpses, and
beyond all that he has seen there liest he
yet larger, unexplored background. He
has heard much, but more than all are
the things still to be told. So he fain
would be silent. And yet there is often
an advantage in the eye and the ear that
has not been filled to repletion. There
is a zest in novelty which attracts and prise.
holds the attention. One gets interested,
The situation in brief, is this: A large
the heart is stirred, and there must be pagan element is in our midst whose
expression.
evangelization is a matter of supreme
importance and privilege. As a leaven
One of the most potent things to be to operate specially among the twenty
noticed in the study of the native Ha- thousand Chinese that have come to us,
waiian is his sensitiveness. He is easily we can point to certain hopeful agencies
moved; a smile wins him, and a frown now at work, but inadequate to meet the
repels him. He loves cordiality, the po- pressing demands of the field. Greatly
lite bow and the hearty handshake. He increased reinforcements are needed for
studies your manner, he notes the tone the successful prosecution of the work.
of your voice; manner has great effect It has the best of leadership; the lack is
on him. He himself is an actor, and his of funds. The books of Treasurer show
bearing and his speech abound in win- a deficit of $104 in this special branch
someness. The native is by no means of the work, and if operations are to be
an admirer of plebeian ways. He looks pushed forward with the energy demandfor courtliness and grace. That which ed by the imperative needs of this great
is impressive he designates as kohn ; and interesting people, there must be a
that which fails of it is kohu ole —two proportionate increase of the funds availterms often on his lips. It follows from able to the Board.
the above that, in the right hands, the
The Japanese element in our populanative is tractable. He can be led, but tion numbers seven thousand, including
he cannot be drivtn.
eight hundred females. In our sheer
inability to adequately cultivate this part
Rev. D. Kanoho, native missionary of the field we hail with thankfulness
stationed at Marakei, one of the Gilbert the Providence that has turned the
Islands, writes June 21, 1888, that the efforts of the San Francisco Japanese
people there have been setting their Mission of the Methodist Kpiscopal
hands to the making of laws for their Church in this direction. It has already
better government, and for the suppres- sent four active laborers into the field,
sion of evil practices ; and among the and the powerful manner in which they
results he notes a more quiet Sabbath. have entered upon this work, and the
He sees also a certain decided turning rich spiritual blessings that have come
of his neighbors from the worship of upon their efforts, give us great encourtheir idols ; the fear of them is being agement in doing our share toward conlifted from off the minds of that people. tributing to its support.
A new work should be opened by this
And this comes about by way of the
knowledge of the true God which is being Board among the Portuguese. This
fecund race is getting a firm foothold
made known to them.
among us, and is increasing rapidly. It
Week before last we were busy pre- is estimated that there are already eleven
paring our exhibits for the Paris Exposi- thousand in the country. This is not
tion. Things had to be packed at the for us a forbidden field. The Protestant
last moment. The brief historical and Portuguese on the Islands are asking
statistical chart printed on another page, for religious teachers. Individuals have
together with publications of the mission been moved to enter the work; but till
and of the Board, was sent as an ap- we have the funds, we cannot as a
pendage to a map of the islands, show- Board take it up. And yet we feel that
now is the time for enlargement in this
ing the stations in colors.
direction; for we are sure that in the
We feel the need of urgently pressing near future, the work among the Portuthe claims of our work, and we trust guese will assume a grave importance
that the following self-explanatory cir- in our eyes.
But the chief and heaviest duty which
lies upon us is toward the native Hawaiian. And first of all there stands
our Training School for pastors. It is
the center of our native work, and
should be ever kept, in its appointments
and instruction, in advance of the social
and literary average of the people for
whom it is maintained. And there is
always before us, to be found in »ur
rural districts, the spectacle of the poorly-housed, under-fed, debt-burdened native pastor, ekeing out his pittance of
salary with the labor of his hands; expending in such prolonged work the
energies that ought to be given to his
pastorate. We ought to have at least
$2,000 a .year to spend for the support
of the work in feeble Hawaiian churches.
Add to this large obligation of the Home
field, that of the Foreign, and we have
a burden indeed.
We have spent for our Micronesian
mission $2,679.50 more than has been
specifically given to this work, and it is
in need of yet further outlay. Its publication fund» stands credited to the
amount of $1,387.65. But this does
not represent an actual gain, for the
books are sold at cost prices, and where
there are receipts there have to be disbursements. Our Hawaiian publication
fund also stands credited to the amount
of $1,1 •Mi.4o. But this sum must be
balanced against payments for a large
invoice of Hawaiian Bibles and Hymn
Books soon to be received.
We have collections for foreign missions now on hand amounting to the
sum of $357.50, and for work among
the Japanese amounting to $335. Add
to these sums three recent bequests
amounting to $1,025, and we have
in our treasury to be expended
in our work but $1,717.60. We must
soon make our appropriations for the
salaries of our foreign missionaries. To
put things on a proper footing, so that
we can go forward in our work, not only
without embarrassment, but with the
vigor and advantage which is expected
of us, we need at once at least $4,000.
In behalf of the Hawaiian Board,
Oliver P. Emerson,
Corresponding Secretary.
Wm. W. Hall, Treasurer.
An irritable man, whom anyone can
excite, is like a horse kept at livery,
ridden by everyone, and spurred by each
rider. Nobody is so little his own master, as he who can be stirred and provoked at another's will.—Beecher.
It is
of the revelations of Scripjudge angels, sitting
above them on the shining heights. It
may well be so. Those angels are the
Imperial Guard doing easy duty at
home. We are the tenth legion, marching in from the swamps and forests of
the far off frontier; scarred and battered,
but victorious over sin and death.—R.
D. Hitchcock.
one
ture that we are to
24
[March, 1889.
THE FRIEND.
THE T. M. C. A.
HONOLULU. H. I.
This page is devoted to the interests ol the Honolulu
Young Men's Christian Association, and the Board of
Directors arc responsible for it* contents.
S. D. Fuller,
- - -
Editor.
Topics.
The Gospel Praise Service which is
held in the V.M.C.A. Hall every Sunday evening at half-past six o'clock, will,
for this month, have the following topics:
March 3d—Failure and Remedy. Mat.
.
17:14-21.
March 10th—Temporary Goodness.
Hos. 6:4; John 6:65-67.
March 17th—How the Battle was
Won. 2 Chron. 20:18 24. John 5:4 r>.
March 24th—Abundant Pardon. Is.
56:6-7.
March 31st—He Saves, and He Alone.
Acts 4:1-12; Tim. 2:5, 6.
Notes.
The next International Si- etaries'
Conference will be held at O nge, N.
V., May 2-5, and the International Convention will convene at Philadelphia,
May 8-12.
The Boston Y. M. C. A. reports for
last year a membership of 4830. During
the year 1513 different men have belonged to the gymnasium. They have
a Sunday p.m. meeting for young men
which has grown from 35 or 40 to an
average of 200.
The Y. M. C. A. boys were much
pleased at their last meeting with the
very instructive talk of Mr. Joseph Emerson on "Hawaiian Life and Antiqui-
ties." He had on exhibition a trunk full
of interesting curios selected from his
large and valuable collections. It was
the most largely attended meeting of the
year. At the meeting next Thursday,
March 7, the subject will be "India,"
and Mr. Clifford, a gentleman who has
recently returned from that country, will
give the boys a description of some of
the things he saw.
We wish to call attention to the topics
for the Sunday evening services, printed
in another column. This is done that
the members and friends may come to
the meetings familiar with the subject
and thus better prepared to take some
part. Please bear this in mind and let
a larger number come not only to hear,
but to do the will of the Lord.
you can about yourself. Ascertain from
original sources if you are really the
manner of man people say you are; find
oot if you are always honest; if you always tell the square, perfect truth in
business deals; if your life is as good
and upright at eleven o'clock at night as
it is at noon ; if you are as sound a temperance man on a fishing expedition as
you are on a Sunday-school picnic ; if
you are as good a boy when you go to
the city as you are at home; if, in short,
you really are the sort of a young man
your father hopes you are, and your
sweetheart'believes you are. Get on intimate terms with yourself, my boy, and,
believe me, every time you come out
from one of these private interviews you
will be a stronger, better, purer man.
Don't forget this, and it will do you
good.— Selected,
The Sin of Mission.
Il isn't the thing you do, brother,
It's the thing you leave undone.
Which gives you a bit of heartache,
At the setting of the sun.
The tender word forgotten.
The letter you did not write,
The flower you might have sent, brother,
Are your haunting'ghosts to night.
The'stone you might have lifted,
Out of a brother's way,
The bit of heartsome counsel,
You are hurried too much to say,
The loving touch of the hand, brother.
The gentle and winsome tone,
That you had n time nor thought for.
With troubles enough of your own.
These little acts of kindness.
So easily out of mind,
These chances to be angels.
Which even mortals find—
They come in night and silence,
Each chill, reproachful wraith,
When hope is faint and flagging,
And a blight has dropped on faith.
Kor life is all too short, brother,
And sorrow is all too great,
To suffer our slow compassion
That tarries until too late;
And it's not the thing you do, brother.
It's the thing you leave undone,
Which gives you the bitter heartache,
At the setting of the sun.
Makc.arf.t E. Sangstkr
>
Work Every One Can Do.
Don't talk louderthan you live. Hypocrites are poor witnesses. The first
person to help is yourself; the next one
is the nearest and most needy.
Help the lost sinner first; the weak
Christian will get into heaven, help him
afterward.
Invite the lost ones to service; do it
by a kind word or letter, or any good
way. Pray for them in private; speak
of the meetings, praise them.
Cut and send clippings out of the paper; use your pen; quote apt passages
of Scripture.
Introduce the unsaved to some one
who will better tell them the way to salvation. Go with the inquirer to the
altar or inquiry room. Ask them to
your homes; talk and pray with them.
Help make every meeting you attend
a good one. If you cannot sing, move
your lips in harmony with the singing.
In public service be brief, both in prayer
and remarks.
Live for Christ in your homes. This
is the great need of to-day. Wash
dishes, sell calicoes or silks like a Christian. Keep sweet, happy and hopeful.
Be a walking sermon. Don't growl
with your face. If you are sick, show
what grace can do. If you are tried,
bear as only a heaven-helped man can.
If you are in trouble, let the world see
in you the peace of God.
Let love to God flow out from all your
actions. Lead the children to Christ.
Keep away from doubtful things, and
thus help a weak brother.
Ask God to direct you to work, and
He will do it inside of forty-eight hours.
Don't quit work until the breath quits
the body; then begin service on the
other side, in Heaven.—C. H. Yatmaii.
—
Josh Billings on Infidelity.
Impudence, ingratitude, ignorance and
cowardice make up the kreed ov infidel-
ity.
It is a statistikal fakt that the wicked
work harder to reach hell than the righteous do to enter heaven.
I notiss one thing: When a man gets
into a tight spot, he don't never send for
his friend, the devil, to help him out.
I had rather be an ideot than an infidel ; if I am an infidel, I have made myself one; If an ideot, I waz made so.
I never have met a free-thinker yet
who did not beleave a hundred times
more nonsense than can be found in the
Bible ennywhere.
The infidel, in his impudence, will ask
you to prove the flood did occur, when
the poor ideot himself kant even prove,
to save his life, what makes one apple
sweat and one sour, or whi a hen's egg
\z white and a duck's egg blue.
Workers' Gems.
Whatsoever we beg of God, let us also
work for it.—Jeremy Taylor.
"The serene, silent beauty of a holy
life is the most powerful influence in
the world next to the might of God."
"My business is not to remake myself, but make the absolute best of what
God made."
Not to enjoy life, but to employ life,
ought to be our aim and inspiration.—
Get Acquainted with Yourself.
Get away from the crowd a little while I shall try to correct errors when Macduff.
How shall we dare to behold that holy
every day, my boy. Stand to one side shown to be errors, and I shall adopt
and let the world run by while you get new views so fast as they appear true face that brought salvation to us, and
acquainted with yourself, and see what views. -—A. IJncoln.
we turned away and fell in love with
kind of a fellow you are. Ask yourself (Good for theologians as well as death, and kissed deformity and sin.—
hard questions about yourself; find out all for statesmen.)
Jeremy Taylor.
THE FRIEND.
Selections.
Historical and Statistical Chart of the known as the North Pacific Missionary
Protestant Hawaiian Mission, Sent to Institute.
"Holy habits" are a safeguard amid
1844.—Census of the Protestant popthe Paris Exposition.
all
the "unmannerly distraction" which
ulation, 29,685.
1820, March 30th.—The first Mission1888.—Number of churches, fifty- hinder our religious life.
Said a wise saint, "I will do that
aries landed at Kailua, Hawaii.
eight; pastors and stated supplies, forty1821.—The first house of Christian three; number of communicants, five which I resolve to do in my best mothousand two hundred and thirty-five.
ments." Now and then, one mounts
Worship built in Honolulu.
1822, January 7th.—Printing first
1888.- Contributions toward pastor's some lofty hill ofvision, and clearly discommenced at the Hawaiian Islands. * salaries, $7,870.33; for church build- cerns the road he should travel. When
he comes down from the mount, let him
1823; April 27th.—The second com- ings, $9,126.02.
pany of Missionaries arrived.
1828, March 30th. -The third company of Missionaries arrived.
1829, July 20th.—The first meeting
house at Honolulu dedicated.
1831, June 7th.—The fourth company
of Missionaries arrived.
1832, May 17th.—The fifth company
of Missionaries arrived.
1833, May Ist.—The sixth company
of Missionaries arrived.
1834, February 14th.—The first newspaper published.
1835, June Bth.—The seventh company of Missionaries arrived.
1836.—The Female Seminary at Wailuku, Maui, begun.
1836.—The Hilo Boarding School for
boys begun.
1837, April 9th.—The eighth company
of Missionaries arrived.
1838.—Great attention given by the
natives to religion.
1839.—Ten thousand seven hundred
and twenty-five added to the churches
this year.
1839, May 10th. -The first edition of
the Hawaiian Bible finished.
1841, May Ist.—The ninth company
of Missionaries arrived.
1842, July 21st.—Kawaiahao stone
church at Honolulu finished.
1842, September 21st.—The tenth
company of Missionaries arrived.
1844, July 15th.—The eleventh company of Missionaries arrived..
1844.—Totaladditions to the Hawaiian churches between the years 1839 and
1844, thirty thousand three hundred and
1888.— Missionary charities, $7,679.-52, total <-rmtributions $24,674.87.
1888.—Up to date over sixty-one
thousand communicants received into
the nati\e Hawaiian churches.
1888.—Up to date sixty-two native
Hawaiian Missionaries (thirty-two men
and thirty women) sent out from the
Hawaiian Islands into the foreign fields,
the Marquesas Islands receiving eight,
and the Micronesian field receiving fifty-
not fail to follow that road.
The prodigal son found plenty of gay,
fast men to help him spend his money.
They had no use for him after the money
was gone. The hogs had very little use
for him either. But happily he came to
from his blind craze of vice, and remembered his Father!
Men who aim at the ground are reasonably sure to hit it. Men whose ambition is low, usually attain to the height
four.
of their ambition. If they wish to feed
1888, June 10th.—The new brick among swine the swine will share with
Kaumakapili church in Honolulu dedi- them their husks. The future has nothing
cated.
for them; "they have received their
During the fifty years of the Hawaiian reward."
Mission one hundred and forty-five
An open and rebellious sinner is a
American Missionaries (men and woman
who has lost his standing in God's
men) had been in the field connected universe. "Sinners shall not stand in
with the work.
the congregation of the saints." They
During the fifty years since 1837 the are like men
in an honest community,
native Hawaiian churches have contrib- who
to be forgers, defaulters,
turn
out
uted to foreign missions alone the sum
or libertines. They have lost standing.
of $133,015.80.
The poetry of Longfellow, Whittier,
Total number of Hawaiian pastors
since the founding of the Mission, one Lowell, and the Brownings is written
under the light of the Bible. Professor
hundred and thirty-six.
Phelps says no one could have written
"Cain," or Shelley's "Queen
A single incident may help us to Bryon's
genius had not been deMab,"
whose
realize the moral atmosphere which was veloped by a Christian civilization.
shed around the brilliant court where
conception of woman,
Coligny spent his boyhood. About four Shakespeare's
Dc
is absolutely original,
claims,
Quihcy
months after the date of this letter to
spirit
Berould, the royal household was enter- but his idea is Christian. Christ's
suffuses
and
Desdenvina.
RusOphelia
tained at dinner by burning of six herekin says his habit of taking pains, and the
tics, one of whom was a woman. It
his style were learned from
was on January 19, 1535. Amongst the best part of
Bible.
Broyham, Macaulay, and
the
company was Cardinal Duprat, Chancelacknowledged large
Daniel
Webster
France,
of
half-a-dozen
Bishop
lor of
Biblical
models of style.
to
obligations
sees besides his archbishopric of Sens,
fifty-seven.
con1851.—The Hawaiian Missionary So- whose cathedral never saw him enter For years Webster was the Biblical
Clark.
L.
cordance
of
the
Senate.—C.
until his corspe was borne there to its
ciety founded.
The ground upon which the Bible is
185,2, July 15th.—The beginning of burial. So great was his Eminence's
the Micronesian mission, three native corpulence that a place had to be cut out defended has changed. We do not disHawaiians sent as Missionaries.
from the dining-table to admit his body, parage the great work of Moses, nor
1853.—Tw0 native Missionaries sent and so eminent was his skill as an epi- prophcey, nor miracle; but we take posiout from the Hawaiian Islands to the cure that he had just invented a new tion in the citadel, which is Christ, and
Marquesas.
dish—filet d' dnton—upon which all the on the crowning miracle, which is the
1857, April 21th.—The first Mission- courtiers doated. The mode of execu- resurrection. If Christ stands, the Bible
ary packet Morning Star arrived at Ho- tion employed was the estrapade. The stands. We demonstrate by various
nolulu.
victims were fastened to a beam which lines of argument that the documents
1863, June 3rd. -The Hawaiian Evan- played up and dpwn, -and alternately which present Christ are historic. Bapgelical Association formed.
dipped them into and withdrew them tism is a monument; Sunday is a monu1870.—Fiftieth or Jubilee year of the from the flames. As the torture was ment; the Church is a monument.
Hawaiian Mission.
prolonged, the Duchesse d'Etampes These, combined with the facts concern1870.—During these fifty years of the turned to Duprat and complained, not ing Christ in history, his touch on art,
Mission, fifty-three thousand, three hun- of the atrocious cruelty of the punish- literature, science, philanthrophy, form
dred communicants were received by the ment, but of the smell of the burning a mass of demonstratian which cannot
churches.
flesh. "Madame,'' replied the cardinal be overthrown until we blot out the sun
1870.—Cost of the Hawaiian Mission jocosely, "it is clear you have never en- from the heavens. As history pushes
up to Jubilee year, $1,220,000.
tered your kitchen where pork was being on, Christianity becomes more princely,
1877.—Reorganization of the Theo- cooked —the odor is exactly the same." Christ more commanding, the Bible
more secure. C. L. Clark.
logical School at Honolulu, thereafter
The Quarterly Review.
—
—
THE FRIEND.
To Elijah's knowledge of God, we
add the'illumination of all by the brilliant, pervasive, kindly, merciful Gospel
ofthe Son of God. He saw "light by
lightning;" we see it by storage, instant
transmission, and calm, clear rings of
whitest light.— C. R. Seymour.
■ Miss Brown.—"Why, what's the matter, Mr. Jones, you look tired?"
Mr. Jones.—"Oh, I went to church
three times yesterday—at different
churches —same old thing at all three."
Miss Jones.—"Why don't you come
to our church? We've good music, easy
pews, and not a word of 'Robert Els-
mere.' "
The Bible seems like an athelete—
struck at, buffeted before, behind, and
on either sidef hither and thither, never
subdued. Like a mountain of rock,
men level off a little space and write
something on it, and say, "This is the
Bible." But the mountain is rooted in
the floor of the continent, and stands
forever, frowning in storm, and smiling
in sunshine.—C. L. Clark.
Let any lad who has left the pure atmosphere of his father's house, and
gone to the great city to seek his fortune, gradually ally himself with evil
men, feed the gross appetites of his
body, and give free rein to the lusts of
his soul, and you will soon see that by
food and exercise a devil has grown into
him that he cannot hide. His fond old
mother will discover it. The innocent
girl to whom-he pledged his faith before
he went will note it, and the men on the
streets will shake their heads as he
passes by. The evil forces within him
grow with marvelous rapidity, and as
they grow, they force the body to fit
their form. L. Lapman.
.
Next to ingratitude, the most painful T D. LANE'S
thing to bear is gratitude.—Beecher.
Repentance without faith is the Devil's
repentance; Faith without repentance is
No. 130 Fort Street, near Hotel,
the hypocrite's faith.
•
Manufacturer of
Head Stones, Tombs,
Let us form our habits rightly, that Monuments,
IWM, Marble Mantles, Marble work ofevery
they in turn may form us. Go to church DESCRIPTION
MADE TO ORDER AT THE
from habit, and God will meet you there
lowest possible rates.
with a message for you when perhaps Monuments and Headstones Cleaned and Re-set.'
Orders from theother islands Promptly attended to.
you least expect it.
janB7yr
We have our creed. The personal
NOTT,
God in the personal Christ; a broadcast
mercy through the sacrifice of Christ;
a trumpet-call to duty, introducing a TIN, COPPER AND SHEET IRON
song of privilege as we near the realm
Worker, Plumber, Gas Fitter, etc.
of gladness.
Stoves and Ranges of all kinds, Plumbers' Slock and
If anyone asks me if I believe man's
Metals, Houst: Furnishing Goods, Chandeliers,
body to have come from the brute, I
Lamps, Etc.
answer, "I know not. I believe in Rev- janB7yr
Kaahumanu St., Honolulu.
elation, I believe in Science, but neither
has revealed this to me; and I restrain SHIPPING & NAVY CONTRACTOR
my weak curiosity, which would tempt
JOSEPH TINKER,
me to inquire into what I cannot know.
Meanwhile, I am sure, and assert, that Family and Shipping Butcher,
man's soul is of a higher origin and a
loftier type." Earth need not tremble
CITY MARKET, Nuuanu Street.
when every new theory raises its head. All orders delivered with quick dispatch and at reason*
MARBLE WORKS,
JOHN
—Pres. McCosh
HAWAIIAN
,
ALMANAC & ANNUAL
Nothing has been so distorted and
abused as the Bible. It has been worshipped as a fetich, trodden under foot,
pEORGE
FOB IHHU.
This regular and favorite publication
is now in its fifteenth year, and has
proved itself a reliable hand-book of
reference on matters Hawaiian; conveying
a better knowledge of the commercial,
agricultural, political and social progress
of the islands than any publication extant.
Orders from abroad or from the othbr
islands attended to with promptness.
Prick—to Postal Union Countries 60
cts. each, which can be remittea by Money
Order. Price to any part of these islands
50 cents each.
Back numbers to 1875 can be had, excepting for the years 1879 and 1882.
—
Vegetables fresh every morning.
Telephone 289, l)olh Companies.
able rates.
janB7yr
LUCAS,
CONTRACTOR AND BUILDER,
HONOLULU STEAM PLANING
MILL,
•
Address:
THOS. G. THRUM,
Publisher, Honolulu.
ESPLANADE, HONOLULU, H. I.
Manufacturerofall kinds of Mouldings, Brackets, Window
Frames, Blinds, Sashes, Doors, and all kinds of Woodwork
Finish. Turning, Scroll and Band Sawing. All kinds of
Planing, Sawing, Morticing and Tenanting. Orders promptly attended to, and work Guaranteed. Orders from the
janB7yr
other Islands solicited.
_
mHE HAWAIIAN NEWS COMPANY,
Successors to J. H. SOPER,
Stationer
and
News Dealer.
fei-88
betrayed in the house of its friends, as25 Merchant Street, Honolulu, H. I.
saulted and left for dead. Men have
and
put their theories over the Bible,
Subscriptions received forany Paper or Magazine pubDAIRY & STOCK lished.
Special orders received for any Books published.
fancied that if their opinions fell, the
COMPANY,
janB7yr.
Bible would fall. Two hundred years
ago, Dr. Francisco Redi announced that MILK, CREAM, BUTTER, "REAVER SALOON,
life does not originate by spontaneous
AND LIVE STOCK.
H. J. NOI.TE, Proprietor,
generation; Italian theologians cried out
against it as contrary to Scripture; did
TEMPERANCE COFFEE HOUSE,
not the carcass of Samson's lion genFort Street, Honolulu.
erate bees? Of late many have feared TTOPP & CO.,
Best Quality of Cigars, Cigarettes, Tobacco, Smokers' Arscientists would generate life and under»«yB6
,
tides, etc., always on hand.
mine the Bible that way. So the pendNo 74 King Street,
ulum swings. In the eighth century
n E. WILLIAMS,
Virgilius, Bishop of Salzburg, was IMPORTERS & MANUFACTURERS OF
Importer, Manufacturer, Upholsterer and
threatened with excommunication for
and UPHOLSTERY.
teaching the antipodes. Zachary the FURNITURE
Dealer in all kinds of Furniture.
Pope wrote "as to the perverse and
Chairs to Rent.
feb8 7
wicked doctrine which against God and
in New Fire-proof Building.
Furniture
his own soul he has advanced, if it shall
Nos.
Fort
Street
and 66 Hotel Streets.
111
ELITE ICE CREAM PARLORS
be ascertained that he declaresthat there
No. 85 Hotel Street, Honolulu, H. I.
Agency Detroit Safe Co. Feather, Hair, Hay and F.ureka
is another world and other inhabitants
Mattresses and Pillows, and Spring Mattresses on hand and
made to order. Pianos and Sewing Machines always on
beneath the earth, then call a council, Delicious Ice Creams, Cakesand Candies.
hand
and for sale or rent. Best Violin and Guitar Strings
deprive him of sacerdotal honor and extW Families, Balis and Weddings Sltplied. "SI
and all kinds of Musical Instruments for sale as cheap as
cheapest.
the
from
the
church."
communicate him
HART It CO.
janB7yr.
1.89
WOODLAWN
'
THE
•